Download Learning and Conditioning terms and concepts

Learning and Conditioning
terms and concepts
Psychology Unit 2
Learning
• Learning: A lasting change in behavior that
results from experience.
Ivan Pavlov
• Pavlov discovered the
principle of classical
conditioning
(accidentally)
• Russian Scientist who
studied digestion
began experiments of
conditioning in 1927.
Pavlov’s experiment
• Pavlov’s dog and Classical Conditioning
• http://www.
youtube.co
m/watch?v=
hhqumfpxuz
I
Classical Conditioning
• Classical conditioning: a learning procedure in
which a stimulus that normally elicits a given
response is repeatedly preceded by a neutral
stimulus (one that usually does not elicit a
response). Eventually, the neutral stimulus will
evoke a similar response when presented by
itself.
Conditioning
• Conditioned Response (CR): The learned
reaction to a conditioned stimulus.
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A once neutral
event that has come to elicit a given response
after a period of training in which it has been
paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
• (*)In classical conditioning, the best results
occur when the conditioned stimulus is
presented before the unconditioned response.
• Generalization: a subject responding to a
second stimulus similar to the original
Conditioned Stimulus (CS). Example: a child
saying “car” to all vehicles, “doggie” to all
animals.
• Discrimination: The ability to respond
differently to similar but distinct stimuli.
Example: a child saying “daddy” only to his
father
• Extinction: The gradual disappearance of a
conditioned response because the
reinforcement is withheld or because the
conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented
without the unconditioned stimulus
Reinforcement
• Reinforcement: immediately following a
particular response with a reward in order to
strengthen that response.
• Primary Reinforcer: Stimuli that are naturally
(innately) rewarding, such as food or water.
• Secondary Reinforcer: a stimulus that
becomes reinforcing through its link with a
primary reinforcer and gained some value.
Example: Money, time.
B.F. Skinner
• Psychologist
associated with
operant
conditioning.
• Believes that most
behavior is
influenced by one’s
history of rewards
and punishment.
Operant Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning- a form of learning in
which a certain action is reinforced or
punished, resulting in corresponding increases
or decreases in the likelihood that similar
actions will occur again
Skinner’s Box
Aversive Control
• Aversive Control- the process of influencing
behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli
• Negative reinforcement- a painful or
unpleasant stimulus is removed or not applied
at all
Factors that affect learning
• Feedback- information received after an
action as to its effectiveness or correctness
• Transfer- the effects of past learning on the
ability to learn new tasks
• Practice-the repetition of tasks, helps to bind
responses together
• Learned Helplessness: Individuals who believe
that no matter what they do their actions
make no difference.
Shaping and Response Chains
• Shaping- a process in which reinforcement is
used to sculpt new responses out of old ones.
• Response Chains- learned reactions that
follow one another in sequence, each reaction
producing the signal for the next.
Token Economy
• A form of conditioning in which desirable
behavior is reinforced with valueless objects
or points, which can be accumulated and
exchanged for various rewards