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Psychological
Disorders
What is a
Psychological
Disorder?

The World of Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders
 …are
“harmful
dysfunctions” in which
behavior is judged to be
atypical, disturbing,
maladaptive, and/or
unjustifiable
Atypical
abnormal –
being different
from most other
people in one’s
culture
is
Disturbing
 means
that a behavior goes
against the standards of
acceptable behavior, is
unnerving, grotesque, or
otherwise disruptive to a
generally acceptable level of
comfort.
Maladaptiveness
indicates
that the
behaviors are
distressing or disabling
or puts one at a greatly
increased risk of
suffering or death
Unjustifiable
means
that certain
behaviors are irrational,
or that a behavior lacks
any mental clarity or
reason
What is the nature of
Psychological
Disorders and their
causes?
Biological Model (Medical Model)

Abnormal behaviors are caused by
physiological malfunctions – IE. a
failure of the central nervous system,
an improperly working endocrine
system, an abnormal flow of a
specific hormone, genetic factors,
brain damage

Brain Trauma
Psychoanalytical Model

Abnormal behaviors are symbolic
expressions of unconscious, internal
conflicts, often associated with early
childhood – IE. A fear of open water due
to almost drowning as a child, obsessions
with women who remind you of the mother
who abandoned you, serial violence against
homosexuals based on your own internal
orientation conflicts
Behavioral Model

Abnormal behavior is the result of
learned behavior – IE. you are a
psychopathic killer because you
watched violent programming on
tv….you obsessively clean the
house because Mom obsessively
cleaned the house
Diathesis-Stress Model
(Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective)

Abnormal behavior is caused
when prone individuals who
otherwise may not exhibit
symptoms are put into stressful
situations and then exhibit
symptoms

IE. You may occasionally be stressed, or
drink a bit or a have trouble sleeping,
but then your house burns down, your
ID is stolen online, your bank accounts
are emptied, your wife leaves
you……thus you “snap”. An anxiety
disorder emerges, a substance abuse
disorder emerges, a sleep disorder
emerges….
Classifying
Psychological
Disorders

There are 16 categories
of Psychological
Disorders, as specified
in the DSM-IV TR – the
American Psychiatric
Association’s
“Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders”
Insanity

This is a LEGAL
definition only,
whereas a person
is unable to
determine
between right &
wrong or
understand
consequences due
to metal illness

The Mentally Ill and Prison
Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
 Any
disorders characterized
by an intensely distressing,
persistent stress, or
maladaptive behaviors that
reduce stress
Anxiety Overview
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
A
person is continually
tense, apprehensive, and in
a state of autonomic
system arousal
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Dizziness
Sweaty Palms
Heart Palpitations
Ringing in the Ears
Edgy and Shaky
Unfocused and Out-of-Control
Negative Feelings
Worried constantly about bad things
that may happen
Twitchiness and/or trembling
Panic Disorder
Sufferers
have acute
episodes of intense
anxiety without any
apparent provocation
Obsessive-Control Disorder

Characterized by
unwanted repetitive
thoughts (obsessions) or
actions (compulsions)

Checking to see if a door is locked is
normal. Doing it 30 times or “I will
die” is not. Washing your hands is
normal. Washing them until your
hands are raw so that “all of the
germs are gone” is not.
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Living with an Anxiety Disorder
A&E Series Obsessed
Phobias
 Marked
by persistent,
irrational fears and
avoidance of a specific object
or situation
 Some
phobias are so intense
that they are incapacitating
Common and Uncommon Fears
100
Percentage 90
of people 80
surveyed 70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Snakes
Being Mice Flying Being Spiders Thunder Being Dogs
in high,
on an closed in, and
and
alone
exposed
airplane in a
insects lightning In a
places
small
house
place
at night
Afraid of it
Bothers slightly
Not at all afraid of it
Driving Being
Cats
a car
In a
crowd
of people
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Usually involves flashbacks or
nightmares following a person’s
involvement in or observation of an
extremely troubling event, such as a
war or a natural disaster
Dissociative
Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
 Involve
disturbances in a
person’s consciousness,
memories, identity, and
perception of the
environment
Dissociative Identity Disorder
A
person has two or
more distinct
personalities that
alternate in their
control of the
person’s behavior
Amnesia
Loss or impairment of memory.
 Amnesia with a physical cause is
called organic amnesia, whereas
amnesia of psychological origin
is called functional amnesia
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Three Faces of Eve - Dissociative Identity
Disorder
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Eating
Disorders

Eating Disorders
Eating Disorders
 Conditions
in which an
individual experiences
severe disturbances in
eating behaviors

Anorexia is essentially
a form of selfstarvation in order to
lose weight, Bulimics
partake in binge and
purge behaviors in
order to maintain body
weight
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Anorexia
Bulimia
Impulse-Control Disorders

Impulse control disorders involve the loss or
lack of control in certain specific situations.
The hallmark of these disorders is the
individual's inability to stop impulses that
may cause harm to themselves or others.
Affected individuals often feel anxiety or
tension in considering these behaviors. This
anxiety or tension is relieved or diminished
once the action is performed.
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Kleptomania – compulsive stealing
Pyromania – setting fires
Trichotillomania – compulsive hair
pulling
Dermatillomania – compulsive skin
picking
Intermittent Explosive Disorder –
aggressive outbursts
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My Strange Addictions
Trichotillomania
Hoarding Behaviors
A&E Series Hoarders
Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders
Also
called affective
disorders, create
disturbances in a
person’s emotional life
Major Depression

Symptoms may include feelings of
sadness, hopelessness, and
worthlessness, as well as complaints
of physical pain and changes in
appetite, sleep patterns, and energy
level. The length of time of the
depression is a key also.
Mania
 An
individual has an
abnormally elevated mood,
often marked by exaggerated
self-importance, irritability,
agitation, and decreased sleep
Bipolar Disorder
 Also
called manicdepressive illness, a
person’s mood alternates
between extremes of mania
and depression
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Bipolar Overview
Bipolar, A Dangerous Diagnosis
Demi Lovato, Bipolar and Eating Disorders
Mania and Depression
Personality
Disorders
Personality Disorders
Maladaptive
ways of
behaving that negatively
affect a person’s ability
to function in society.
Narcissistic Personality

A grandiose sense of selfimportance. They seek excessive
admiration from others and
fantasize about unlimited success
or power. They believe they are
special, unique, or superior to
others.
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Paranoid personality disorder is
characterized by irrational
suspicions and mistrust of others.
Avoidant personality disorder is
characterized by social inhibitions,
feelings of inadequacy, extreme
sensitivity to negative evaluation,
and exaggerated emotions.
Antisocial Personality Disorder

Acting in a way that disregards the
feelings and rights of other people.
Antisocial personalities often break
the law, and they may use or exploit
other people for their own gain. They
may lie repeatedly, act impulsively,
and get into physical fights. They may
even kill other people.
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Anti-Social Personality Disorder Interview
Teen Murderer
Bullying Behaviors
In the Mind of a Psychopath
Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia Overview
Childhood Schizophrenia
Treating Schizophrenia Part I
Treating Schizophrenia Part II
A Brilliant Madness
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Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and
disabling brain disease
People with schizophrenia often suffer
terrifying symptoms such as
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hearing internal voices not heard by others
believing that other people are reading their
minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to
harm them.
speech and behavior can be so disorganized that
they may be incomprehensible or frightening
Causes of Schizophrenia?

It has long been known that
schizophrenia runs in families. A child
whose parent has schizophrenia has
about a 10 percent chance. By
comparison, the risk of schizophrenia in
the general population is about 1
percent. The strongest evidence to date
leads to chromosomes 13 and 6 but
remains unconfirmed.
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It is likely, although not yet certain,
that the disorder is associated with
some imbalance of the complex,
interrelated chemical systems of the
brain, involving the presence of
excessive amounts of the
neurotransmitters dopamine
Hallucinations
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Perceptions that occur without
connection to an appropriate source;
hearing voices that other people do not
hear is the most common type of
hallucination in schizophrenia
Voices may describe the patients
activities, carry on a conversation, warn
of impending dangers, or even issue
orders to the individual.
Delusions

False personal beliefs that are not subject to
reason or contradictory evidence
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patients suffering from paranoid-type
symptoms often have delusions of persecution,
or false and irrational beliefs that they are being
cheated, harassed, poisoned, or conspired
against.
In addition, delusions of grandeur, in which a
person may believe he or she is a famous or
important figure, may occur in schizophrenia
Disorganized Thinking

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Schizophrenia often affects a persons ability to think
straight. Thoughts may come and go rapidly; the person
may not be able to concentrate on one thought for very
long and may be easily distracted, unable to focus
attention.
People with schizophrenia may not be able to sort out
what is relevant and what is not relevant to a situation.
The person may be unable to connect thoughts into
logical sequences, with thoughts becoming disorganized
and fragmented.
Inappropriate Effect
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expressing improper emotions, related to
the environmental context they are
presented in, or
a person with schizophrenia may not show
the signs of normal emotion, perhaps may
speak in a monotonous voice, have
diminished facial expressions, and appear
extremely apathetic
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Schizophrenia Part 1 - ABC 20/20 coverage
Schizophrenia Part 2 - ABC 20/20 coverage
Sleep
Disorders
Sleep Disorders Overview
 Affect
normal sleep
patterns. They may include
Insomnia (lack of sleep),
Apnea (stop breathing),
and Narcolepsy (excessive
daytime sleepiness).
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Sleep Disorders Overview
Living with Sleep Apnea
Waking Up from Narcolepsy
Sexual
Disorders

Strange Sexual Disorders
Men…

Erectile dysfunction (impotence) refers
to the inability of a man to have or
maintain an erection. Premature
ejaculation occurs when a man is not
able to postpone or control his
ejaculation. Inhibited male orgasm, or
retarded ejaculation, occurs when a man
cannot have an orgasm despite being
highly aroused.
Women…
 Female orgasmic dysfunction
(anorgasmia, or inhibited female
orgasm) refers to the inability of
a woman to have an orgasm.
Vaginismus refers to a spastic
contraction of the outer third of
the vagina, a condition that can
close the entrance of the vagina,
preventing intercourse.
PARAPHILIAS INCLUDE
FANTASIES, BEHAVIORS, OR
SEXUAL URGES FOCUSING
ON UNUSUAL OBJECTS,
ACTIVITIES, OR SITUATIONS
TYPES OF
PARAPHILIAS
EXHIBITIONISM

SEXUALLY EXPOSING ONESELF
(GENITALS) TO OTHERS
FETISHISM

SEXUAL URGES AND BEHAVIORS
ASSOCIATED WITH NON-LIVING
OBJECTS
Specific Fetishes
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Agriozoophilia – wild animals
Alektorophilia – chickens
Anthophilia – flowers
Autodysomophilia – bad smells
Bibliophilia – books
Chaetophilia – hair
Coimetrophilia – cemeteries
Coprophilia – feces
Specific Fetishes
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Daimonophilia – ghosts
Didaskaleinophilia – school
Dontophilia – teeth
Ecclesiophilia – church
Emetophilia – vomit
Epistaxiophilia – nosebleeds
Geniophilia – chins
Gerontophilia – old people
Heliophilia – sun
Specific Fetishes
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Hoplophilia – guns
Ichthyophilia – fish
Lachanophilia – vegetables
Leprophilia – leprosy
Lutraphilia – otters
Melophilia – music
Necrophilia – dead
Nephophilia – clouds
Specific Fetishes
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Nosophilia – terminal illness
Ombrophilia – rain
Ophidiophilia – snakes
Peladophilia – baldness
Pogophilia – beards
Thassophilia – sitting
Urophilia – urine
FROTTEURISM

SEXUAL URGES RELATED TO TOUCHING
OR RUBBING AGAINST UN-SUSPECTING,
NON-CONSENTING, AND UNFAMILIAR
PEOPLE OF THE OPPOSITE SEX
MASOCHISM
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SEXUAL PLEASURE DERIVED FROM
BEING HURT OR HUMILIATED
VERBALLY AND/OR PHYSICALLY
SADISM
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SEXUAL
PLEASURE
DERIVED FROM
MISTREATING
OTHERS
TRANSVESTITISM
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CROSS-DRESSING
VOYEURISM
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SEXUAL PLEASURE IS DERIVED FROM
SECRETLY OBSERVING OTHERS
Somatoform
Disorders
Somatoform Disorders

Characterized by the presence of
physical symptoms that cannot be
explained by a medical condition
or another mental illness
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Somatoform disorder is a condition in
which the physical pain and symptoms a
person feels are related to psychological
factors. These symptoms can not be
traced to a specific physical cause.
Their symptoms are similar to the
symptoms of other illnesses and may last
for several years. People who have
somatoform disorder are not faking their
symptoms. The pain that they feel is real.
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Hypochondriasis refers to an excessive
preoccupation or worry about having a
serious illness. Hypochondria is often
characterized by fears that minor bodily
symptoms may indicate a serious illness,
constant self-examination and selfdiagnosis, and a preoccupation with
one's body.
Conversion Disorder

Patients present with symptoms such as
numbness, paralysis, blindness, etc. The
diagnosis of conversion disorder
involves three elements - the exclusion
of neurological disease, the exclusion of
feigning, and the determination of a
psychological mechanism.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
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A preoccupation with an imagined or minor
defect in appearance which causes clinically
significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other important areas of
functioning.
The disorder generally is diagnosed in those who
are extremely critical of their physique or selfimage even though there may be no noticeable
disfigurement or defect, or a minor defect which
is not recognized by most people. Too Ugly To
Live - Part 1
Substance-Related
Disorders
Substance Abuse Disorders
Substance-Related Disorders
Result
from the abuse of
drugs, side effects of
medications, or
exposure to toxic
substances
Adjustment Disorders
Adjustment Disorders

An inability or maladaptive reaction to
an identifiable stressful life event/
stressor (divorce, death, a family move,
etc.). Symptoms must occur within three
months of the event/stressor and
persisted for no longer than six months.
Usually includes depression, withdrawal,
or a rebellion against society, family, or
the law.
Cognitive
Disorders
Cognitive Disorders
Such
as delirium and
dementia, involve a
significant loss of
mental functioning
Dementia

Characterized by impaired memory and
difficulties in such functions as speaking,
abstract thinking, and the ability to
identify familiar objects. The conditions
in this category usually result from a
medical condition, substance abuse, or
adverse reactions to medication or
poisonous substances
Disorders usually first
diagnosed in Infancy,
Childhood, or
Adolescence
Childhood Disorders
 Disorders
that are
generally diagnosed in
children through the age
of 18
Autism

Most commonly characterized by
non-normal social attachments,
withdrawal, echolalia (repeat
word patterns), strange motor
behaviors, and those affected are
often mentally retarded
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Autism Genes
Detecting Autism
Factitious
Disorders
Factitious Disorders

Intentionally producing or faking
physical or psychological symptoms in
order to receive medical attention and
care. For example, an individual might
falsely report shortness of breath to gain
admittance to a hospital, report thoughts
of suicide to solicit attention, or fabricate
blood in the urine or the symptoms of
rash so as to appear ill.
Mental Disorders
Due to a General
Medical
Condition
General Mental Disorders

Diagnosed when there is evidence
they are caused by the specified
medical conditions

IE. A coma caused by a bad food
reaction, a change in personality or
mood due to a hormonal change in the
body