* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Cells - Biloxi Public Schools
Survey
Document related concepts
Embryonic stem cell wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Regeneration in humans wikipedia , lookup
Somatic cell nuclear transfer wikipedia , lookup
Symbiogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Microbial cooperation wikipedia , lookup
Artificial cell wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Dictyostelium discoideum wikipedia , lookup
Neuronal lineage marker wikipedia , lookup
Adoptive cell transfer wikipedia , lookup
State switching wikipedia , lookup
Cell (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Cell theory wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
1 Term 3---Cells Notes term Robert Hooke definition or information diagram or examples English scientist viewed a thin slice of cork (oak cork) through a compound microscope observed tiny, hollow, roomlike structures called these structures 'cells' only saw the outer walls (cell walls) because cork cells are not alive Anton van Leeuwenhoek prokaryotic (prokaryote) no nucleus no membrane-bound organelles in most cases unicellular; in rare cases, multicellular circular DNA bacteria cells that have a nucleus linear DNA animals, plants, protista, and some unicellular organisms eukaryotic (eukaryote) autotrophic (autotroph) heterotrophic (heterotroph) Dutch fabric merchant and amateur scientist looked at blood, rainwater, scrapings from teeth through a simple microscope (1 lens) observed living cells; called some 'animalcules' (bacteria) producers---an organism that makes or synthesizes its own food using photosynthesis consumers---organisms that cannot make their own energy-rich molecules; they obtain energy by eating other organisms plants, algae, phytoplankton, seaweed, some bacteria herbivores (plants) carnivores (animals) omnivores (plants and animals) scavengers (dead bodies of animals) insectivores (eats insects) decomposers (breaks down dead material) detritivores (feed on dead or decomposing material) 2 Term 3---Cells Notes photosynthesis Equation for Photosynthesis--(sunlight) 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 cellular respiration Photosynthetic organisms such as plants use light energy to produce a carbohydrate (glucose). process in which the energy in sunlight is stored in the bonds of glucose for later use Cellulose is the substance that makes up most of a plant's cell walls. An increase in the cellulose is an increase in plant size. Equation for Cellular Respiration— (ATP) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O+energy ATP (adenosine triphosphate) made in the mitochondria. Organisms use oxygen to get energy from food, some of which is released as heat. If cellular respiration stopped, a cell would not have the energy it needs to perform its functions. Organization (smallest to largest): organelles cells tissue Plant and Animal Cells--Structures--Function-cell membrane thin, flexible outer covering of a cell controls what enters and leaves the cell nutrients and water enter and wastes leave the cell through the cell membrane cytoplasm thick, gel-like fluid “cell-liquid” cell organelles float in the cytoplasm organ picture or diagram organism Term 3---Cells Notes nucleus (nuclei) control center; “brain” contains the cell’s genetic material; DNA, chromosomes, traits chromosomes---genetic information of organisms nuclear surrounds the nucleus membrane thin structure that separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell vacuole Mitochondria (mitochondrion) endoplasmic reticulum used for storage plant cells usually have one large vacuole that stores water and other substances vacuoles help support the plant animal cells have smaller vacuoles that contain either food or wastes vacuoles in animals cells can be temporary small organelles that break down sugar and release energy “powerhouse” or energy source of the cell process by which mitochondria release energy from sugar is called cellular respiration makes ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)--compound that cells use to store and release energy series of rough and smooth membranes that move materials around the cell proteins enter ER to be transported to other parts of the cell Golgi body or Golgi apparatus or Golgi Complex packages proteins and carbohydrates for export from the cell “post office” ribosomes synthesizes proteins for cell’s activities some float freely while others are attached to ER 3 Term 3---Cells Notes cell wall ONLY IN PLANTS rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane supports plant cells and gives them their shape mostly made of cellulose chloroplast lysosomes ONLY IN PLANTS plant cell structure in which photosynthesis takes place contain chlorophyll---a green pigment that absorbs light chlorophyll---captures radiant energy from sunlight contains digestive enzymes that help break down nutrients for the cell nucleolus inside the nucleus and contains RNA (ribonucleic acid) centrioles helps organize cell division Types of Cells--Cells in an organism have the same DNA but conduct different functions. This is possible because different parts of the genetic instructions are used in each type of cell. blood in a liquid called plasma bone marrow RBC---receive oxygen from respiratory systems (lungs) and carries it to organs and systems throughout the body WBC---increase due to infections; engulf or consume disease causing organisms sickle cell anemia---impaired blood circulation due to the inheritance of the code for abnormal hemoglobin molecules 4 Term 3---Cells Notes nerve long and thin carry and receive messages around the body muscle movement A tissue is a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function. Types of Tissues--epithelial closely packed cells that cover body surfaces and line internal structures makes up the skin and the lining of the stomach largest organ of body (skin) muscle made up of cells that are able to shorten, or contract, to move the body cardiac---makes up the heart smooth---found in many other parts of the body such as the stomach and blood vessels skeletal---contract and relax to produce movement of the body nervous made of long, thin cells that carry messages around the body makes up the brain and spinal cord sends electrical signals through the body connective made up of many kind of cells that support the body and hold it together bones, fat, cartilage, and blood joins, supports, protects, insulates, nourishes, and cushions organs 5 6 Term 3---Cells Notes Body System Skeletal Functions Organs/Major Structures Supports, shapes, and protects the body Makes blood cells bones, ligaments, cartilage red marrow: makes blood Muscular Help the body move Voluntary Muscles Involuntary Muscles Digestive Circulatory Respiratory Excretory Nervous heart, diaphragm, biceps/triceps, tendons skeletal muscles smooth muscles cardiac muscles Breaks down food to make energy for Esophagus the body Small Intestine: where most digestion takes place and nutrients are absorbed. Large Intestine: Takes water from the undigested materials Carries O2, CO2, food, waste, disease Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins fighting cells, & hormones through the Blood: carries food and oxygen to the body body and take away waste from cells White Blood Cells: fight disease take in oxygen and take out carbon Nose, trachea, larynx, bronchi, lungs, dioxide and some water out of the body alveoli, diaphragm take out waste from the body Kidney: main organ of the ES where urine *Perspiration (sweat): liquid waste that is made leaves the body through the skin and Lungs: breathe out CO2 helps control the body temperature Kidney: make urine Skin: perspiration (sweat) controls ALL the activities of the body Brain: control center of our body functions Two parts of nervous system: Spinal cord: connects brain with the rest of 1. Central Nervous system (CNS): the body made up of brain and spinal cord, Nerves: nerve cells controls all activities of the body. 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): made up of all the nerves outside of CNS, and carries messages between CNS to the all parts of the body Term 3---Cells Notes 7 8 Term 3---Cells Notes Cell Division---- Mitosis Plant and animal cells Body cells Nucleus divides once Genetically identical cells produced 2 daughter cells produced when completed 46 chromosomes at the beginning of cell division (humans) 46 chromosomes at the end of cell division (humans) Meiosis Plant and animal cells Sex cell (gametes)—eggs and sperm formed in reproductive organs Two divisions of the nucleus New chromosome combinations produced with half (haploid) of chromosome number 4 daughter cells produced when completed 46 chromosomes at the beginning of cell division (humans) 23 chromosomes at the end of cell division (humans)