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Cells Notes
term
Robert Hooke
definition or information
diagram or examples
 English scientist
 viewed a thin slice of cork (oak cork)
through a compound microscope
 observed tiny, hollow, roomlike
structures
 called these structures 'cells'
 only saw the outer walls (cell walls)
because cork cells are not alive
Anton van
Leeuwenhoek

prokaryotic
(prokaryote)
 no nucleus
 no membrane-bound organelles
 in most cases unicellular; in rare
cases, multicellular
 circular DNA
 bacteria
 cells that have a nucleus
 linear DNA
 animals, plants, protista, and some
unicellular organisms
eukaryotic
(eukaryote)
autotrophic
(autotroph)
heterotrophic
(heterotroph)
Dutch fabric merchant and amateur
scientist
 looked at blood, rainwater, scrapings
from teeth through a simple
microscope (1 lens)
 observed living cells; called some
'animalcules' (bacteria)
producers---an organism that makes or
synthesizes its own food using
photosynthesis
consumers---organisms that cannot
make their own energy-rich molecules;
they obtain energy by eating other
organisms
plants, algae, phytoplankton, seaweed, some
bacteria
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herbivores (plants)
carnivores (animals)
omnivores (plants and animals)
scavengers (dead bodies of animals)
insectivores (eats insects)
decomposers (breaks down dead
material)
detritivores (feed on dead or
decomposing material)
Cells Notes
photosynthesis
cellular
respiration
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Equation for Photosynthesis--(sunlight)
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
 Photosynthetic organisms such as
plants use light energy to produce a
carbohydrate (glucose).
 process in which the energy in
sunlight is stored in the bonds of
glucose for later use
 Cellulose is the substance that makes
up most of a plant's cell walls. An
increase in the cellulose is an
increase in plant size.
Equation for Cellular Respiration—
(ATP)
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O+energy
 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) made
in the mitochondria.
 Organisms use oxygen to get energy
from food, some of which is released
as heat.
 If cellular respiration stopped, a cell
would not have the energy it needs to
perform its functions.
Organization (smallest to largest):
organelles 
cells 
tissue

Plant and Animal Cells--Structures--Function-cell membrane
 thin, flexible outer covering of a cell
 controls what enters and leaves the cell
 nutrients and water enter and wastes
leave the cell through the cell membrane
cytoplasm
 thick, gel-like fluid
 “cell-liquid”
 cell organelles float in the cytoplasm
organ

picture or diagram
organism
Cells Notes
nucleus (nuclei)
nuclear
membrane
vacuole
Mitochondria
(mitochondrion)
endoplasmic
reticulum
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 control center; “brain”
 contains the cell’s genetic material;
DNA, chromosomes, traits
 chromosomes---genetic information of
organisms
 surrounds the nucleus
 thin structure that separates the nucleus
from the rest of the cell
 used for storage
 plant cells usually have one large vacuole
that stores water and other substances
 vacuoles help support the plant
 animal cells have smaller vacuoles that
contain either food or wastes
 vacuoles in animals cells can be
temporary
 small organelles that break down sugar
and release energy
 “powerhouse” or energy source of the
cell
 process by which mitochondria release
energy from sugar is called cellular
respiration
 makes ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)--compound that cells use to store and
release energy
 series of rough and smooth membranes
that move materials around the cell
 proteins enter ER to be transported to
other parts of the cell
Golgi body
or
Golgi apparatus
 packages proteins and carbohydrates for
export from the cell
 “post office”
ribosomes
 synthesizes proteins for cell’s activities
 some float freely while others are
attached to ER
Cells Notes
cell wall
chloroplast
lysosomes
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 ONLY IN PLANTS
 rigid structure that surrounds the cell
membrane
 supports plant cells and gives them their
shape
 mostly made of cellulose
 ONLY IN PLANTS
 plant cell structure in which
photosynthesis takes place
 contain chlorophyll---a green pigment
that absorbs light
 chlorophyll---captures radiant energy
from sunlight
 contains digestive enzymes that help
break down nutrients for the cell
nucleolus
 inside the nucleus and contains RNA
(ribonucleic acid)
centrioles
 helps organize cell division
Types of Cells--blood
 in a liquid called plasma
 bone marrow
 RBC---receive oxygen from respiratory
systems (lungs) and carries it to organs and
systems throughout the body
 WBC---increase due to infections; engulf or
consume disease causing organisms
bone
 produce molecules (usually proteins) that
communicate with other cells
Cells Notes
nerve
 long and thin
 carry and receive messages around the body
muscle
 movement
A tissue is a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
Types of Tissues--epithelial
 closely packed cells that cover body
surfaces and line internal structures
 makes up the skin and the lining of the
stomach
 largest organ of body (skin)
muscle
 made up of cells that are able to shorten,
or contract, to move the body
 cardiac---makes up the heart
 smooth---found in many other parts of
the body such as the stomach and blood
vessels
 skeletal---contract and relax to produce
movement of the body
nervous
 made of long, thin cells that carry
messages around the body
 makes up the brain and spinal cord
 sends electrical signals through the body
connective
 made up of many kind of cells that
support the body and hold it together
bones, fat, cartilage, and blood joins,
supports, protects, insulates, nourishes, and
cushions organs
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Cells Notes
Body
System
Skeletal
Functions
Organs/Major Structures
Supports, shapes, and protects the body
Makes blood cells
bones, ligaments, cartilage
red marrow: makes blood
Muscular
Help the body move
Voluntary Muscles
Involuntary Muscles
Digestive
Circulatory
Respiratory
Excretory
Nervous
heart, diaphragm, biceps/triceps, tendons
skeletal muscles
smooth muscles
cardiac muscles
Breaks down food to make energy for
Esophagus
the body
Small Intestine: where most digestion
takes place and nutrients are absorbed.
Large Intestine: Takes water from the
undigested materials
Carries O2, CO2, food, waste, disease
Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins
fighting cells, & hormones through the Blood: carries food and oxygen to the
body
body and take away waste from cells
White Blood Cells: fight disease
take in oxygen and take out carbon
Nose, trachea, larynx, bronchi, lungs,
dioxide and some water out of the body alveoli, diaphragm
take out waste from the body
Kidney: main organ of the ES where urine
*Perspiration (sweat): liquid waste that is made
leaves the body through the skin and
Lungs: breathe out CO2
helps control the body temperature
Kidney: make urine
Skin: perspiration (sweat)
controls ALL the activities of the body Brain: control center of our body functions
Two parts of nervous system:
Spinal cord: connects brain with the rest of
1. Central Nervous system (CNS):
the body
made up of brain and spinal cord,
Nerves: nerve cells
controls all activities of the body.
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
made up of all the nerves outside of
CNS, and carries messages between
CNS to the all parts of the body
Cells Notes
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Cells Notes
Cell Division----
Mitosis
Plant and animal cells
Body cells
Nucleus divides once
Genetically identical cells produced
2 daughter cells produced when completed
46 chromosomes at the beginning of cell
division (humans)
46 chromosomes at the end of cell division
(humans)
Meiosis
Plant and animal cells
Sex cell (gametes)—eggs and sperm
formed in reproductive organs
Two divisions of the nucleus
New chromosome combinations produced
with half (haploid) of chromosome number
4 daughter cells produced when completed
46 chromosomes at the beginning of cell
division (humans)
23 chromosomes at the end of cell division
(humans)