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Transcript
Myers for AP Unit 6 Learning Listen to the music and write down how it makes you feel. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =ZDcrMScGaj8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =yrEvK-tv5OI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =7acI5z9vyok Discuss. Do Now: Do Now: How would you define learning? Hilgard and Bower definition of learning: Learning refers to the relatively permanent change in a person’s behavior to a given situation brought about by his [or her] repeated experiences in that situation, provided that the behavior change cannot be explained on the basis of native response tendencies, maturation, or temporary states of the person or other animal (e.g., fatigue, drugs, etc.). What is Learning? Learning Habituation Associative learning Classical conditioning Behaviorism Neutral stimulus Unconditioned response (UR) Unconditioned stimulus (US) Conditioned response (CR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Key Terms Acquisition Higher-order conditioning Extinction Spontaneous recovery Generalization Discrimination Learned helplessness Respondent behavior Operant conditioning Operant behavior Law of effect Operant chamber Shaping Discriminative stimulus Reinforcer Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Primary reinforcer Conditioned reinforcer Continuous reinforcement Partial reinforcement Fixed-ratio schedule Variable-ratio schedule Fixed-interval schedule Variable-interval schedule Punishment Cognitive map Latent learning Insight Intrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation biofeedback Observational learning Modeling Mirror neurons Prosocial behavior Little Albert Albert Bandura Edward Deci John Garcia Ivan Pavlov Rosalie Rayner Robert Rescorla Giacomo Rizzolatti Key People Richard Ryan Martin Seligman B.F. Skinner Edward L. Thorndike Edward Chase Tolman Allan Wagner John Watson Classical Conditioning Basics Scenario: Pavlov’s dogs: US = food in mouth UR = salivation NS = Tone (bell) NS + US = UR CS = CR Classical Conditioning The Classic Pavlov Example Classical Conditioning What classical conditioning scenarios can you think of? Worth Video: Classical Conditioning If the aroma of a cake baking gets your mouth watering, what is the US, the CS, The CR? If the cat comes running when she hears a can opener, what is the US, the CS, the CR? Are you classically conditioned by your phone? Other items? CC Examples? Learned helplessness activity Learned helpless is usually only talked about in terms of learning. How does it apply socially? ◦ Dating ◦ Compromising your morals once ◦ Girls have cultural pressure to be quiet and not to be angry ◦ Becoming victimized and failing to stand up ◦ Tendency to close down and not try new approaches when we fail. Show Operant Conditioning Video Show Learning video To summarize: Classical conditioning creates an association between a naturally existing stimulus and a previously neutral one. Operant uses reinforcement and punishment to create associations between behaviors and consequences Classical Conditioning First described by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist Involves placing a neutral signal before a reflex Focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviors Operant Conditioning First described by B. F. Skinner, an American psychologist Involves applying reinforcement or punishm ent after a behavior Focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary behaviors http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =H6LEcM0E0io http://www.youtube.com/user/Pru dential?v=sT7fbayfNBU Is the second video an example of Operant or Classical conditioning? Can you think of examples like this in your own childhood? In your life now? Classical vs. Operant Conditioning We need three volunteers! Thank you!!! Please wait outside! We need three separate behaviors for our three participants to do Cheers Boos Cheers and Boos Discussion: What did we do? Which approach worked best? What if we had used punishment? Boo-Hiss! Reinforcement & Punishment Reinforcement vs. Punishment Skinner’s Experiments Reinforcement Schedules Skinner’s Experiments Reinforcement Schedules Do now: ◦ CC Question: Can ANY natural response be paired with any neutral stimulus? Why or why not? ◦ What types of real-world rewards occur on a delayed schedule? ◦ Does the media encourage people to delay gratification? Why or why not? ◦ Grades: Do you get a grade for every assignment you turn in in every class? If not, how do you feel if a teacher doesn’t grade everything? ◦ Answer to CC Question: No. Biological constraints & survival instincts ◦ Handout 6-4 ◦ For information about apprenticeships, go to Washington State Dept. of Labor & Industries ◦ http://www.lni.wa.gov/TradesLicensing/Apprentic eship/Programs/default.asp Delayed Gratification Primary reinforcers – unlearned Secondary reinforcers – learned and associated with primary Know reinforcement schedules: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Fixed-ratio Variable-ratio Fixed-interval Variable-interval Hint: Intervals involve time; ratios involve behavior/numbers What are some examples of each? Operant Conditioning For Review: p. 241 in book What is a cognitive map? What is latent learning? What is insight learning? What are some of the dangers of extrinsic motivation? How do biological predispositions affect both C & O Conditioning? What is instinctive drift? What is observational learning? What is modeling? What do mirror neurons do? Gotta knows… What examples of Operant Conditioning can you think of… At school In sports At work For self-improvement Do now: Los Horcones (www.loshorcones.org) Twin Oaks (www.twinoaks.org) How is superstitious behavior conditioned? Oddly Interesting Know: ◦ Observational learning (Bandura video) ◦ Modeling ◦ Mirror neurons (Rizzolatti) (video) ◦ Role models? Who are yours? ◦ Children learn what they live ◦ Do as I say, not as I do??? (video) ◦ Violence-viewing effect (video games) Monkey See, Monkey Do Mirror Neurons ◦ Fire during action and observation (mirroring behavior) ◦ In the premotor cortex, the primary somatosensory cortex, inferior parietal cortex ◦ Clearly observed in monkeys