Download What is Learning? - Renton School District

Myers for AP Unit 6
Learning
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Listen to the music and write down
how it makes you feel.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=ZDcrMScGaj8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=yrEvK-tv5OI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=7acI5z9vyok
Discuss.
Do Now:
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Do Now: How would you define
learning?
Hilgard and Bower definition of learning:
Learning refers to the relatively
permanent change in a person’s
behavior to a given situation brought
about by his [or her] repeated
experiences in that situation, provided
that the behavior change cannot be
explained on the basis of native
response tendencies, maturation, or
temporary states of the person or other
animal (e.g., fatigue, drugs, etc.).
What is Learning?
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Learning
Habituation
Associative learning
Classical
conditioning
Behaviorism
Neutral stimulus
Unconditioned
response (UR)
Unconditioned
stimulus (US)
Conditioned
response (CR)
Conditioned
stimulus (CS)
Key Terms
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Acquisition
Higher-order
conditioning
Extinction
Spontaneous
recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
Learned
helplessness
Respondent
behavior
Operant
conditioning
Operant behavior
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Law of effect
Operant chamber
Shaping
Discriminative
stimulus
Reinforcer
Positive
reinforcement
Negative
reinforcement
Primary reinforcer
Conditioned
reinforcer
Continuous
reinforcement
Partial
reinforcement
Fixed-ratio schedule
Variable-ratio
schedule
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Fixed-interval
schedule
Variable-interval
schedule
Punishment
Cognitive map
Latent learning
Insight
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
biofeedback
Observational
learning
Modeling
Mirror neurons
Prosocial behavior
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Little Albert
Albert Bandura
Edward Deci
John Garcia
Ivan Pavlov
Rosalie Rayner
Robert Rescorla
Giacomo
Rizzolatti
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Key People
Richard Ryan
Martin
Seligman
B.F. Skinner
Edward L.
Thorndike
Edward Chase
Tolman
Allan Wagner
John Watson
Classical Conditioning Basics
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Scenario:
Pavlov’s dogs:
US = food in mouth
UR = salivation
NS = Tone (bell)
NS + US = UR
CS = CR
Classical Conditioning
The Classic Pavlov Example
Classical Conditioning
What classical conditioning scenarios can
you think of?
 Worth Video: Classical Conditioning
 If the aroma of a cake baking gets your
mouth watering, what is the US, the CS,
The CR?
 If the cat comes running when she hears
a can opener, what is the US, the CS,
the CR?
 Are you classically conditioned by your
phone? Other items?
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CC Examples?
Learned helplessness
activity
 Learned helpless is usually only talked
about in terms of learning.
 How does it apply socially?
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◦ Dating
◦ Compromising your morals once
◦ Girls have cultural pressure to be quiet and
not to be angry
◦ Becoming victimized and failing to stand up
◦ Tendency to close down and not try new
approaches when we fail.
Show Operant Conditioning Video
 Show Learning video
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To summarize:
 Classical conditioning creates an
association between a naturally
existing stimulus and a previously
neutral one.
 Operant uses reinforcement and
punishment to create associations
between behaviors and
consequences
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Classical Conditioning
 First described by Ivan Pavlov, a
Russian physiologist
 Involves placing a neutral
signal before a reflex
 Focuses on involuntary, automatic
behaviors
Operant Conditioning
 First described by B. F. Skinner, an
American psychologist
 Involves
applying reinforcement or punishm
ent after a behavior
 Focuses on strengthening or
weakening voluntary behaviors
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=H6LEcM0E0io
 http://www.youtube.com/user/Pru
dential?v=sT7fbayfNBU
 Is the second video an example of
Operant or Classical conditioning?
 Can you think of examples like this
in your own childhood? In your life
now?
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Classical vs. Operant
Conditioning
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We need three volunteers!
Thank you!!! Please wait outside!
We need three separate behaviors for
our three participants to do
Cheers
Boos
Cheers and Boos
Discussion: What did we do?
Which approach worked best?
What if we had used punishment?
Boo-Hiss!
Reinforcement & Punishment
Reinforcement vs.
Punishment
Skinner’s Experiments
Reinforcement Schedules
Skinner’s Experiments
Reinforcement Schedules
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Do now:
◦ CC Question: Can ANY natural response be
paired with any neutral stimulus? Why or why
not?
◦ What types of real-world rewards occur on a
delayed schedule?
◦ Does the media encourage people to delay
gratification? Why or why not?
◦ Grades: Do you get a grade for every assignment
you turn in in every class? If not, how do you
feel if a teacher doesn’t grade everything?
◦ Answer to CC Question: No. Biological
constraints & survival instincts
◦ Handout 6-4
◦ For information about apprenticeships, go to
Washington State Dept. of Labor & Industries
◦ http://www.lni.wa.gov/TradesLicensing/Apprentic
eship/Programs/default.asp
Delayed Gratification
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Primary reinforcers – unlearned
Secondary reinforcers – learned and
associated with primary
Know reinforcement schedules:
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Fixed-ratio
Variable-ratio
Fixed-interval
Variable-interval
Hint: Intervals involve time; ratios involve
behavior/numbers
What are some examples of each?
Operant Conditioning
For Review:
p. 241 in book
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What is a cognitive map?
What is latent learning?
What is insight learning?
What are some of the dangers of
extrinsic motivation?
How do biological predispositions
affect both C & O Conditioning?
What is instinctive drift?
What is observational learning?
What is modeling?
What do mirror neurons do?
Gotta knows…
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What examples of Operant
Conditioning can you think of…
At school
In sports
At work
For self-improvement
Do now:
Los Horcones
(www.loshorcones.org)
 Twin Oaks (www.twinoaks.org)
 How is superstitious behavior
conditioned?
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Oddly Interesting
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Know:
◦ Observational learning (Bandura
video)
◦ Modeling
◦ Mirror neurons (Rizzolatti) (video)
◦ Role models? Who are yours?
◦ Children learn what they live
◦ Do as I say, not as I do??? (video)
◦ Violence-viewing effect (video games)
Monkey See, Monkey Do
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Mirror Neurons
◦ Fire during action and observation
(mirroring behavior)
◦ In the premotor cortex, the primary
somatosensory cortex, inferior parietal
cortex
◦ Clearly observed in monkeys