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MAMMALS
NOLAN, JACQUELINE, LESLIE & SAMANTHA
WHAT IS A MAMMAL
 WHAT IS A MAMMAL?- A WARM
BLOODED VERTEBRAE ANIMAL OF A
CLASS THAT IS DISTINGUISHED BY THE
POSSESSION OF HAIR OR FUR, THE
SECRETION OF MILK BY FEMALES FOR THE
NURISHMENT OF THE YOUNG AND
TYPICALLY THE BIRTH OF LIVE YOUNG.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MAMMALS
 MAMMALS HAVE HAIR-MAMMALS HAVE HAIR OR
FEATHERS THAT PROVIDES INSULATION AND BODY
HEAT
 MAMMALS NURSE THEIR YOUNG- MAMMALS HAVE
SEVERAL GLANDS THAT PRODUCE SALIVA, SWEAT, OIL,
DEGESTIVE ENZYMES, HOROMONES,MILK & SCENT;
MAMMALS FEED THEIR YOUNG FROM MAMMARY
GLANDS
 RESPIRATION & CIRCULATION IN MAMMALSMAMMALS NEED A HIGH LEVEL OF ENERGY TO
MAINTAIN THEIR ENDOTHERMIC METABOLISM;
CIRCULATION ALSO REMOVES WASTE PRODUCTS FROM
CELLS AND HELPS REGULATE BODY TEMPERATURE
CHARACTERISTICS OF MAMMALS
 MOST MAMMALS HAVE SPECIALIZED TEETHMAMMALS WITH TEETH HAVE TEETH THAT ARE
ADAPTED TO THE TYPE OF FOOD THEY EAT
 MAMMALS HAVE MODIFIED LIMBS- MAMMALS
LIMBS ARE ADAPTED FOR A VARIETY OF METHODS OF
FOOD GATHERING; PRIMATES HAVE OPPOSABLE
THUMBS
 MAMMALS CAN LEARN- MAMMALS TEACH THEIR
YOUNG SURVIVAL SKILLS; MAMMALS CAN LEARN
AND REMEMBER WHAT THEY LEARNED
DIVERSITY OF MAMMALS
PLACENTAL MAMMALS GIVE BIRTH TO YOUNG THAT
HAVE DEVELOPED INSIDE THE MOTHERS UTERUS
UNTIL THEIR BODY SYSTEMS ARE FULLY FUNCTIONAL
 UTERUS- A HOLLOW MUSCULAR ORGAN IN WHICH
OFFSPRING DEVELOP
 THERAPSIDS- A GROUP OF REPTILIAN ANCESTORS
 SPECIES DIVERSITY IS A MEASURE OF THE AND
FEQUENCY OF SPECIES IN A COMMUNITY
 MAMMALS EVOLVED FROM A GROUP OF REPTILES
CALLED THE SYNAPSIDS THAT AROSE 310 TO 275
MILLION YEARS AGO
 MAMMALS ARE A CLADE OF ENDOTHEMIC AMNIOTES

Animal
Behavior
http://www.flickr.com/photos/fpat/3375999258/
What is a behavior?
Any response to a stimulus
(an external signal)
Examples of stimuli
•Sounds
•Smells
•Sights (light vs dark)
Why do behaviors exist?
Most behaviors have some
evolutionary history (the behavior
aided survival)
Can you think of any examples of
behaviors that might have helped
our ancestors survive?
Two Types of Behavior
Innate – behavior you are
born with, also called
INSTINCTS
Learned – behavior that
develops through
experience
Some human instincts….
Grasping reflex
Holding breath when submerged
Pupil dilation
Even very
young
babies can
learn to
swim
Learned Behaviors
1.Habituation
2.Classical Conditioning
3.Operant Conditioning
4.Insight Learning
HABITUATION
When your body becomes
accustomed to a stimulus.
Ex.: Some animals respond
to loud noises by hiding. If
the noises are repeated, the
animal stops hiding.
Baby toys are designed to
stimulate their
brains. Babies learn by
"trial and error"
Classical Conditioning
Pairing two stimuli together,
response becomes the same
Pavlov's Dogs - ring a
bell when feeding
dogs. Eventually, the
dogs would salivate
when they heard the
bell ring.
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Involves "training" a behavior
using a reward or punishment
system.
Examples: Rat gets treat
when it hits a lever
Rat gets shocked when
it climbs a structure
Dog gets treat when it
sits on command
The Skinner Box used to train rats
Insight Learning
Involves using the brain to develop
solutions to problems never before
encountered.
This is not "trial-and-error." The animal
(or human) must build on prior
experiences to solve a problem
Have you ever noticed that a
dog tied outside gets tangled
in its leash, he can't figure
out how to get untangled
Lets RECAP
Insight Learning/ Classical Conditioning /
Operant Conditioning / Reasoning
Match the description to the type of learning.
1. A chimpanzee figures out how to escape his
cage by unlocking the latch
2. A dog sits on command and receives a treat.
3. Rats push a lever for food (Skinner box)
4. A bell is run when dogs are fed. Dogs drool
whenever they hear the bell.
Quick Quiz
1. A behavior is an __________________, performed in
response to a ______________________
2. Rats in the Skinner box learned to push a
______________ to get _____________
3. The fact that you are awake in the day and asleep
at night is an example of a _________________
rhythm
4. When an animal stops reacting to a stimulus that
happens over and over, it is called
_________________