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Clinical Infectious Diseases 1 June 2014 Volume 58 Number 11 i News iii In the Literature ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES 1497 Risk of Stroke Following Herpes Zoster: A Self-Controlled Case-Series Study Sinéad M. Langan, Caroline Minassian, Liam Smeeth, and Sara L. Thomas On the cover: The Poor Lazarus at the Gate of the Rich Man’s House, fresco, 12thc., Anonymous, from San Clemente de Tahull. Art Museum of Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain. Art Resource, NY. Reproduced with permission. A New Testament story tells of the rejection of a poor beggar, Lazarus, from the table of a rich man, Dives. Lazarus, as above, was often depicted with leprous sores and a crutch, to indicate that he was like those seen in the Middle Ages, who while suffering from leprosy, were forced to beg for a living, due to the restrictions on their daily existence. The story was a morality tale, which ended well for Lazarus, for he went to heaven; Dives, however, suffered for his miserly behavior in the depths of Hell. This Lazarus was the eponymous sufferer after whom institutions such as Lazar House or Lazaretto were named. Such institutions were served by charitable clergy and laymen, who cared for those stricken with this disease. Here, in this Romanesque fresco, the sufferer is depicted in a despondent posture, with leproma all over his body, while a dog licks his sores. Leprosy sores were commonly stylized as spots in paintings at the time. (Mary & Michael Grizzard, Cover Art Editors) Adults developing zoster are at increased risk of stroke for 6 months with a >3-fold increased risk following zoster ophthalmicus. Incidence ratios of stroke were lower among those receiving antiviral drugs compared with untreated individuals, suggesting a possible protective effect. 1504 Editorial Commentary: Varicella Zoster Virus Infection: Generally Benign in Kids, Bad in Grown-ups Maria Nagel and Don Gilden 1507 Cost-effectiveness of Competing Strategies for Management of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection: A Decision Analysis Gauree G. Konijeti, Jenny Sauk, Mark G. Shrime, Meera Gupta, and Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) causes considerable morbidity and is characterized by substantial risk of recurrence. In a decision model of strategies to treat recurrent CDI, initial treatment with fecal microbiota transplant using colonoscopic delivery is the most cost-effective approach. 1515 Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Relapsing Clostridium difficile Infection Using a Frozen Inoculum From Unrelated Donors: A Randomized, Open-Label, Controlled Pilot Study Ilan Youngster, Jenny Sauk, Christina Pindar, Robin G. Wilson, Jess L. Kaplan, Mark B. Smith, Eric J. Alm, Dirk Gevers, George H. Russell, and Elizabeth L. Hohmann Fecal microbiota transplant is increasingly used to treat recurrent or relapsing Clostridium difficile infection. In this randomized controlled study, using a frozen inoculum from unrelated donors was safe and effective, whether administered by nasogastric tube or by colonoscopy. 1523 Vaccinated Children and Adolescents With Pertussis Infections Experience Reduced Illness Severity and Duration, Oregon, 2010–2012 Russell S. Barlow, Laura E. Reynolds, Paul R. Cieslak, and Amy D. Sullivan We examined how vaccination status influenced the course of illness among persons infected with Bordetella pertussis in Oregon between 2010 and 2012. Our analyses provide evidence that vaccinated individuals have decreased disease severity and reduced illness duration. 1530 Editorial Commentary: Pertussis Is Less Severe in Vaccinated Than in Unvaccinated Patients Jussi Mertsola 1533 The Efficacy of Daptomycin Versus Vancomycin for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infection in Patients With Impaired Renal Function Adam Weston, Yoav Golan, Christina Holcroft, and David R. Snydman There was no significant difference in the efficacy of daptomycin in patients with impaired renal function in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection compared with vancomycin using a propensity-matched retrospective analysis. 1540 Hygiene Strategies to Prevent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial Among High-Risk Military Trainees Michael W. Ellis, Carey D. Schlett, Eugene V. Millar, Kenneth J. Wilkins, Katrina B. Crawford, Stephanie M. Morrison-Rodriguez, Laura A. Pacha, Rachel J. Gorwitz, Jeffrey B. Lanier, and David R. Tribble In this prospective cluster-randomized trial among high-risk military trainees, personal hygiene and education measures, including once-weekly use of chlorhexidine body wash, did not prevent overall skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SSTI. 1549 Hepatitis Delta Is a Major Determinant of Liver Decompensation Events and Death in HIV-Infected Patients José Vicente Fernández-Montero, Eugenia Vispo, Pablo Barreiro, Rocío Sierra-Enguita, Carmen de Mendoza, Pablo Labarga, and Vincent Soriano Hepatitis delta is a neglected but potentially life-threatening condition. As hepatitis B and C are successfully managed with the newest antivirals, hepatitis delta is emerging as a major cause of hepatic decompensation and death in HIV-positive injection drug users. 1554 Cefepime vs Other Antibacterial Agents for the Treatment of Enterobacter Species Bacteremia Mark J. Siedner, Alicia Galar, Belisa B. Guzmán-Suarez, David W. Kubiak, Nour Baghdady, Mary Jane Ferraro, David C. Hooper, Thomas F. O’Brien, and Francisco M. Marty Among all cases of Enterobacter bacteremia at 2 academic hospitals over 6 years, we found 100% efficacy of single-agent cefepime at clearing bacteremia ≤1 day and similar rates of in-hospital mortality compared with carbapenems. 1564 Extragenital Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Testing and Infection Among Men Who Have Sex With Men—STD Surveillance Network, United States, 2010–2012 Monica E. Patton, Sarah Kidd, Eloisa Llata, Mark Stenger, Jim Braxton, Lenore Asbel, Kyle Bernstein, Beau Gratzer, Megan Jespersen, Roxanne Kerani, Christie Mettenbrink, Mukhtar Mohamed, Preeti Pathela, Christina Schumacher, Ali Stirland, Jeff Stover, Irina Tabidze, Robert D. Kirkcaldy, and Hillard Weinstock Extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia were common among men who have sex with men attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. Most extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia infections would not have been identified, and presumably would have remained untreated, if only urethral screening were performed. VIEWPOINTS 1571 Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group: Open for Business Henry F. Chambers, John G. Bartlett, Robert A. Bonomo, Christine Chiou, Sara E. Cosgrove, Heather R. Cross, Robert S. Daum, Michele Downing, Scott R. Evans, Jane Knisely, Barry N. Kreiswirth, Ebbing Lautenbach, Brenda S. Mickley, Robin Patel, Melinda M. Pettigrew, Keith A. Rodvold, Brad Spellberg, and Vance G. Fowler Jr The Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group (ARLG) is tasked with prioritizing, designing, implementing, and conducting clinical studies to address antibacterial resistance. This article outlines clinical research resources and opportunities made available by ARLG and encourages submission of proposals that address antibacterial resistance. PHOTO QUIZ 1577 An Unusual Pain in the Neck (Answer on pages 1638–9.) INVITED ARTICLES 1579 FOOD SAFETY Campylobacter fetus Infections in Humans: Exposure and Disease Jaap A. Wagenaar, Marcel A. P. van Bergen, Martin J. Blaser, Robert V. Tauxe, Diane G. Newell, and Jos P. M. van Putten Campylobacter fetus is an opportunistic pathogen causing intestinal disease but also systemic infections. Major reservoirs are cattle and sheep. Food products may be a source of infection. Campylobacter fetus infection should always be considered in immunocompromised and occupationally exposed individuals. 1587 CLINICAL PRACTICE Beyond Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibition: The Expanding Pipeline of Biologic Therapies for Inflammatory Diseases and Their Associated Infectious Sequelae S. A. Novosad and K. L. Winthrop Targeted biologic therapies directed at specific and novel immune system targets continue to be developed for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. This article reviews both well-known and newer targeted therapies along with their associated infectious morbidity. HIV/AIDS 1599 HIV Viremia and Incidence of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Patients Successfully Treated With Antiretroviral Therapy Chad J. Achenbach, Ashley L. Buchanan, Stephen R. Cole, Lifang Hou, Michael J. Mugavero, Heidi M. Crane, Richard D. Moore, Richard H. Haubrich, Satish Gopal, Joseph J. Eron, Peter W. Hunt, Benigno Rodriguez, Kenneth Mayer, Michael S. Saag, and Mari M. Kitahata; for the Centers for AIDS Research (CFAR) Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma incidence is high in HIV-infected patients successfully treated with antiretroviral therapy. HIV replication, even at low levels, may be an important modifiable risk factor for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. 1607 Early Warning Indicators for HIV Drug Resistance in Adults in South Africa at 2 Pilot Sites, 2008–2010 Nomathemba M. Dube, Khin S. Tint, and Robert S. Summers Early warning indicator monitoring to reflect clinic performance is feasible in South Africa. A national electronic data capturing system and prevention of drug stockouts at the facility level are important to improve drug adherence and reduce emergence of drug resistance. 1615 Editorial Commentary: Monitoring Early Warning Indicators for HIV Drug Resistance in South Africa: Challenges and Opportunities T. M. Rossouw 1618 Patient Attrition Between the Emergency Department and Clinic Among Individuals Presenting for HIV Nonoccupational Postexposure Prophylaxis Isaac I. Bogoch, Eileen P. Scully, Kimon C. Zachary, Sigal Yawetz, Kenneth H. Mayer, Chaim M. Bell, and Jason R. Andrews In a prospective observational cohort study, we found that 45.6% of patients referred for continuing human immunodeficiency virus postexposure prophylaxis from the emergency department failed to attend their initial appointment. Older age and self-payment were significant predictors of attrition. 1625 Increasing Incidence of Recent Hepatitis D Virus Infection in HIV-Infected Patients in an Area Hyperendemic for Hepatitis B Virus Infection Chien-Ching Hung, Shih-Min Wu, Pi-Han Lin, Wang-Huei Sheng, Zong-Yu Yang, Hsin-Yun Sun, Mao-Song Tsai, Kuan-Yeh Lee, Ming-Siang Huang, Shu-Fang Chang, Yi-Ching Su, Wen-Chun Liu, and Sui-Yuan Chang In a country hyperendemic for chronic hepatitis B virus infection, the authors found that the incidence of recent hepatitis D virus infection is increasing among HIV-infected patients over the 20-year study period, which is associated with syphilis and hepatitis flares. 1634 Increased HIV-1 Activity in Anal High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions Compared With Unaffected Anal Mucosa in Men Who Have Sex With Men Georgios Pollakis, Olivier Richel, Joost D. Vis, Jan M. Prins, William A. Paxton, and Henry J. C. de Vries CORRESPONDENCE 1640 Free Testosterone for Hypogonadism Assessment in HIV-Infected Men Anne K. Monroe and Todd T. Brown 1640 Reply to Monroe and Brown A. Danoff, M. Horberg, and J. A. Aberg 1641 False-Positive Quantiferon Results at a Large Healthcare Institution Madeline Slater, Anthony DuBose, and Niaz Banaei 1642 Healthcare Globalization and Medical Tourism C. Sadlier, C. Bergin, and C. Merry 1643 Reply to Sadlier, Bergin, and Merry Lin H. Chen and Mary E. Wilson 1644 Virological and Epidemiological Evidence of Avian Influenza Virus Infections Among Feral Dogs in Live Poultry Markets, China: A Threat to Human Health? Shuo Su, Pei Zhou, Xinliang Fu, Lifang Wang, Malin Hong, Gang Lu, Lingshuang Sun, Wenbao Qi, Zhangyong Ning, Kun Jia, Ziguo Yuan, Heng Wang, Changwen Ke, Jie Wu, Guihong Zhang, Gregory C. Gray, and Shoujun Li ERRATUM 1647 Allison GM et al (Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58:812–19) ELECTRONIC ARTICLE e146 Suspected Person-to-Person Transmission of Q Fever Among Hospitalized Pregnant Women Sharon Amit, Shiri Shinar, Ora Halutz, Yafit Atiya-Nasagi, and Michael Giladi We report a case of suspected Q fever transmission among pregnant women, presumably via aerosolization of vaginally excreted infectious placental particles. This case questions whether current infection control guidelines are sufficient for Q fever–infected women in similar settings. The electronic article listed above is freely available in this issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases online (http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/ content/current ).