Download Clinical Infectious Diseases 15 March 2014

Clinical Infectious Diseases
15 March 2014
Volume 58
Number 6
i News
iii In the Literature
ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES
755
Sustained Drug Use Changes After Hepatitis C Screening and
Counseling Among Recently Infected Persons Who Inject Drugs:
A Longitudinal Study
Julie Bruneau, Geng Zang, Michal Abrahamowicz, Didier Jutras-Aswad, Mark Daniel, and Élise Roy
Substance use and injection behaviors were longitudinally assessed after hepatitis C virus (HCV)
status notification among persons who inject drugs. Among those who acquired HCV but not those who
remained seronegative, a linear decrease was observed in injection of heroin and cocaine.
762
Editorial Commentary: Hepatitis C Virus Testing and Drug Use in
North America; Is There More Than Meets the Eye?
Curt G. Beckwith, Sarah Larney, and Timothy P. Flanigan
On the cover: Spring—Real and Ideal by Charles
J. Taylor (American: 1885–1929), c. 1900, Puck
Magazine. Private Collection. The Art Archive at
Art Resource, NY. Reproduced with permission.
The final decades of the 19th century could be
termed the Golden Era of Malaria Research.
Following the discovery of the malaria parasite in
1880, by the French Army Surgeon, Charles Louis
Alphonse Laveran, a British officer in the Indian
Medical Service, Ronald Ross, in 1887, was the
first to demonstrate that malaria parasites could be
transmitted from infected patients to mosquitoes.
In 1899, a team of Italian investigators reported
that mosquitoes, infected by feeding on a patient
in Rome, were sent to London where they fed on
two volunteers, both of whom developed malaria.
By 1900, Puck was the nation's premier journal
of political satire, playing an important role as a
crusader for good government and American
constitutional ideals. In this issue, the American
satirical cartoonist, Charles Taylor, depicts two
allegories of springtime, one a beautiful maiden
scattering rose petals (Ideal), and the other a crone
with an umbrella scattering quinine pills (Real).
The anti-malarial properties of quinine were well
recognized as early as the early 17th century (see
Clinical Infectious Diseases cover June 1, 2009),
yet the New World in 1900 remained prey to the
mosquito.
(Mary & Michael Grizzard, Cover Art Editors)
765
The Effect of HIV-Related Immunosuppression on the Risk of
Tuberculosis Transmission to Household Contacts
Chuan-Chin Huang, Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen, Mercedes C. Becerra, Ted Cohen, Katherine C. Hughes,
Zibiao Zhang, Roger Calderon, Rosa Yataco, Carmen Contreras, Jerome Galea, Leonid Lecca, and
Megan Murray
We evaluated the risk of tuberculosis infection among household contacts of tuberculosis patients
with and without HIV. Our results show that coinfected patients with CD4 counts <250 cells/µL are less
likely than others to transmit tuberculosis to their contacts.
775
Neurological Manifestations of Influenza Infection in Children and
Adults: Results of a National British Surveillance Study
Anu Goenka, Benedict D. Michael, Elizabeth Ledger, Ian J. Hart, Michael Absoud, Gabriel Chow,
James Lilleker, Michael Lunn, David McKee, Deirdre Peake, Karen Pysden, Mark Roberts,
Enitan D. Carrol, Ming Lim, Shivaram Avula, Tom Solomon, and Rachel Kneen
This surveillance study describes 25 adults and children with acute neurological manifestations
associated with influenza, mainly A(H1N1) 2009. Several children had specific encephalopathy
syndromes with characteristic neuroimaging findings and poor outcomes. A modified classification
system is proposed.
785
A Direct and Indirect Comparison Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of
Cytomegalovirus Preventive Strategies in Solid Organ Transplant
Diana F. Florescu, Fang Qiu, Cynthia M. Schmidt, and Andre C. Kalil
Prophylaxis and preemptive strategies have similar efficacy in preventing cytomegalovirus syndrome
and disease, with no difference regarding rejection, graft loss, death, or other infections.
804
Natural History of Anal Human Papillomavirus
Infection in Heterosexual Women and Risks
Associated With Persistence
INVITED ARTICLES
840
Anna-Barbara Moscicki, Yifei Ma, Sepideh Farhat, Julie Jay,
Evelyn Hanson, Susanna Benningfield, Janet Jonte,
Cheryl Godwin-Medina, Robert Wilson, and Stephen Shiboski
Anal human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 infections were more likely to
persist than other high-risk HPV types, and sexual behaviors were
strongly associated with its persistence. As HPV-16 is responsible for
90% of anal cancers, prevention should include education around sexual
practices.
812
Prediction Model for 30-Day Hospital
Readmissions Among Patients Discharged
Receiving Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic
Therapy
Valérie Martel-Laferrière, Michael Wong, and Douglas T. Dieterich
Cirrhosis is a major health problem in HIV/hepatitis C virus–coinfected
patients. Making the diagnosis is challenging but it is imperative to
screen for complications and adjust treatment accordingly. Noninvasive
tests can help the infectious disease specialist to diagnose cirrhosis.
848
Genève M. Allison, Eavan G. Muldoon, David M. Kent, Jessica K. Paulus,
Robin Ruthazer, Aretha Ren, and David R. Snydman
Serial Determinations of Neutrophil CD64
Expression for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Sepsis in Critically Ill Patients
The role for self-disinfecting surfaces or fabrics in reducing
healthcare-associated infections, such as through impregnation with
copper, silver, or titanium dioxide or the alteration of the surface to
minimize microbial adherence, is reviewed and the implications are
discussed.
854
Aikaterini Dimoula, Olivier Pradier, Zaina Kassengera,
Dyanne Dalcomune, Hulya Turkan, and Jean-Louis Vincent
Indirect effects of pediatric use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines
influence adult pneumococcal disease rates. The differential between the
23 and 13 vaccine serotypes has widened in many settings, in proportion
and incidence. Such differences help explain recent national
recommendations.
VIEWPOINTS
The Pertussis Problem
Stanley A. Plotkin
Pertussis is resurgent. In countries using acellular vaccines, waning
immunity is at least part of the problem. This article discusses possible
improvements to those vaccines.
BRIEF REPORT
834
Impact of Infectious Diseases Society of
America/Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society
Guidelines on Treatment of Community-Acquired
Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children
Rachael K. Ross, Adam L. Hersh, Matthew P. Kronman,
Jason G. Newland, Talene A. Metjian, A. Russell Localio,
Theoklis E. Zaoutis, and Jeffrey S. Gerber
PHOTO QUIZ
839
A Patient With Ulcerated Nodules on His Face
(Answer on pages 901–2.)
CLINICAL PRACTICE
Pneumococcal Serotype Diversity Among Adults
in Various Countries, Influenced by Pediatric
Pneumococcal Vaccination Uptake
John D. Grabenstein and David J. Weber
Measurement of neutrophil CD64 expression at intensive care unit
admission is useful in diagnosing sepsis, especially in combination with
C-reactive protein levels.
830
HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY
Self-disinfecting and Microbiocide-Impregnated
Surfaces and Fabrics: What Potential in
Interrupting the Spread of Healthcare-Associated
Infection?
Hilary Humphreys
Outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) is a mainstay of current
medical therapy. We developed a 30-day readmission prediction model
comprised of age, prior admissions, resistant organisms, and
aminoglycoside use. Future work should target OPAT patients at high risk
of readmission.
820
VIRAL HEPATITIS
HIV/Hepatitis C Virus–Coinfected Patients and
Cirrhosis: How to Diagnose It and What to Do
Next?
HIV/AIDS
865
A Multicenter Study of Initiation of Antiretroviral
Therapy and Transmitted Drug Resistance in
Antiretroviral-Naive Adolescents and Young
Adults With HIV in New York City
Christina Gagliardo, Ava Brozovich, Jeffrey Birnbaum, Anita Radix,
Marc Foca, John Nelson, Lisa Saiman, Michael Yin,
Elektra Carras-Terzian, Emily West, and Natalie Neu
This multicenter study demonstrates uptake in recently changed HIV
guidelines for initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-infected
youths in New York City. Our results also demonstrate a high proportion
of ART resistance in ART-naive youths newly diagnosed with HIV.
873
Telaprevir in the Treatment of Acute Hepatitis C
Virus Infection in HIV-Infected Men
CORRESPONDENCE
Daniel S. Fierer, Douglas T. Dieterich, Michael P. Mullen,
Andrea D. Branch, Alison J. Uriel, Damaris C. Carriero,
Wouter O. van Seggelen, Rosanne M. Hijdra, and David G. Cassagnol;
for the New York Acute Hepatitis C Surveillance Network
903
Luke T. Daum, P. B. Fourie, Sanjib Bhattacharyya, Nazir A. Ismail,
Steve Gradus, Nontuthuko E. Maningi, Shaheed V. Omar, and
Gerald W. Fischer
Adding telaprevir to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin for treatment of
acute genotype 1 hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected men
significantly decreased treatment duration to 12 weeks and improved
sustained virologic response rates to 84%.
904
880
Next-Generation Sequencing for Identifying
Pyrazinamide Resistance in Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Editorial Commentary: Management of Hepatitis
C Virus in HIV-Infected Patients in the Era of
Direct-Acting Antivirals
Interferon-γ Release Assays in Solid Organ
Transplant Recipients: Everything Begins With a
Single Small Step
Laura Muñoz and Miguel Santin
Marija Zeremski, Anthony D. Martinez, and Andrew H. Talal
905
883
A Pilot Study Assessing the Safety and
Latency-Reversing Activity of Disulfiram in
HIV-1–Infected Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy
Adam M. Spivak, Adriana Andrade, Evelyn Eisele, Rebecca Hoh,
Peter Bacchetti, Namandjé N. Bumpus, Fatemeh Emad, Robert Buckheit III,
Elinore F. McCance-Katz, Jun Lai, Margene Kennedy, Geetanjali Chander,
Robert F. Siliciano, Janet D. Siliciano, and Steven G. Deeks
In this pilot clinical trial, disulfiram was administered to HIV-infected
patients on antiretroviral therapy to determine the drug’s effect on the
latent reservoir. Reservoir size did not change; however, some
participants experienced transient increases in viremia. Disulfiram
deserves further study as an antilatency agent.
891
Editorial Commentary: Reversing Latency in
HIV-Infected Patients
Martin Tolstrup
893
Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2, a
Novel Cardiovascular Inflammatory Marker, in
HIV-Infected Patients
Alexandra Mangili, Raabia Ahmad, Robert L. Wolfert, Jeffrey Kuvin,
Joseph F. Polak, Richard H. Karas, and Christine A. Wanke
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, an emerging biomarker of
cardiovascular disease that is highly abnormal in HIV-infected patients
and associated with several cardiometabolic and treatment-specific risk
factors, may be used as an additional and more vascular specific
biomarker for cardiovascular risk stratification.
Reply to Muñoz and Santin
David J. Horne, Masahiro Narita, Christopher L. Spitters, and
Ajit P. Limaye
906
A Tool to Enhance Medical Care, Communication,
and Patients’ Understanding of High-Resolution
Anoscopy
Edward R. Cachay and Wm. C. Mathews
ERRATUM
908
Weinberger et al (Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58:188–94)
ELECTRONIC ARTICLE
e115 Rituximab as Successful Adjunct Treatment in a
Patient With Disseminated Nontuberculous
Mycobacterial Infection Due to Acquired
Anti–Interferon-γ Autoantibody
Christopher A. Czaja, Patricia A. Merkel, Edward D. Chan, Laurel L. Lenz,
Molly L. Wolf, Rafeul Alam, Stephen K. Frankel, Aryeh Fischer,
Shaila Gogate, Carlos M. Perez-Velez, and Vijaya Knight
An acquired immune deficiency due to IFNγ autoantibodies was
diagnosed in a 78-year-old Japanese man with treatment-refractory
disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. In addition to
standard antimycobacterial therapy, he was successfully treated with
rituximab to eliminate B cells and thereby the autoantibody.
Subsequently, he obtained a sustained remission from infection.
The electronic article listed above is freely available in this issue
of Clinical Infectious Diseases online (http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/
content/current ).