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Clinical Infectious Diseases 15 March 2014 Volume 58 Number 6 i News iii In the Literature ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES 755 Sustained Drug Use Changes After Hepatitis C Screening and Counseling Among Recently Infected Persons Who Inject Drugs: A Longitudinal Study Julie Bruneau, Geng Zang, Michal Abrahamowicz, Didier Jutras-Aswad, Mark Daniel, and Élise Roy Substance use and injection behaviors were longitudinally assessed after hepatitis C virus (HCV) status notification among persons who inject drugs. Among those who acquired HCV but not those who remained seronegative, a linear decrease was observed in injection of heroin and cocaine. 762 Editorial Commentary: Hepatitis C Virus Testing and Drug Use in North America; Is There More Than Meets the Eye? Curt G. Beckwith, Sarah Larney, and Timothy P. Flanigan On the cover: Spring—Real and Ideal by Charles J. Taylor (American: 1885–1929), c. 1900, Puck Magazine. Private Collection. The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY. Reproduced with permission. The final decades of the 19th century could be termed the Golden Era of Malaria Research. Following the discovery of the malaria parasite in 1880, by the French Army Surgeon, Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, a British officer in the Indian Medical Service, Ronald Ross, in 1887, was the first to demonstrate that malaria parasites could be transmitted from infected patients to mosquitoes. In 1899, a team of Italian investigators reported that mosquitoes, infected by feeding on a patient in Rome, were sent to London where they fed on two volunteers, both of whom developed malaria. By 1900, Puck was the nation's premier journal of political satire, playing an important role as a crusader for good government and American constitutional ideals. In this issue, the American satirical cartoonist, Charles Taylor, depicts two allegories of springtime, one a beautiful maiden scattering rose petals (Ideal), and the other a crone with an umbrella scattering quinine pills (Real). The anti-malarial properties of quinine were well recognized as early as the early 17th century (see Clinical Infectious Diseases cover June 1, 2009), yet the New World in 1900 remained prey to the mosquito. (Mary & Michael Grizzard, Cover Art Editors) 765 The Effect of HIV-Related Immunosuppression on the Risk of Tuberculosis Transmission to Household Contacts Chuan-Chin Huang, Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen, Mercedes C. Becerra, Ted Cohen, Katherine C. Hughes, Zibiao Zhang, Roger Calderon, Rosa Yataco, Carmen Contreras, Jerome Galea, Leonid Lecca, and Megan Murray We evaluated the risk of tuberculosis infection among household contacts of tuberculosis patients with and without HIV. Our results show that coinfected patients with CD4 counts <250 cells/µL are less likely than others to transmit tuberculosis to their contacts. 775 Neurological Manifestations of Influenza Infection in Children and Adults: Results of a National British Surveillance Study Anu Goenka, Benedict D. Michael, Elizabeth Ledger, Ian J. Hart, Michael Absoud, Gabriel Chow, James Lilleker, Michael Lunn, David McKee, Deirdre Peake, Karen Pysden, Mark Roberts, Enitan D. Carrol, Ming Lim, Shivaram Avula, Tom Solomon, and Rachel Kneen This surveillance study describes 25 adults and children with acute neurological manifestations associated with influenza, mainly A(H1N1) 2009. Several children had specific encephalopathy syndromes with characteristic neuroimaging findings and poor outcomes. A modified classification system is proposed. 785 A Direct and Indirect Comparison Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of Cytomegalovirus Preventive Strategies in Solid Organ Transplant Diana F. Florescu, Fang Qiu, Cynthia M. Schmidt, and Andre C. Kalil Prophylaxis and preemptive strategies have similar efficacy in preventing cytomegalovirus syndrome and disease, with no difference regarding rejection, graft loss, death, or other infections. 804 Natural History of Anal Human Papillomavirus Infection in Heterosexual Women and Risks Associated With Persistence INVITED ARTICLES 840 Anna-Barbara Moscicki, Yifei Ma, Sepideh Farhat, Julie Jay, Evelyn Hanson, Susanna Benningfield, Janet Jonte, Cheryl Godwin-Medina, Robert Wilson, and Stephen Shiboski Anal human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 infections were more likely to persist than other high-risk HPV types, and sexual behaviors were strongly associated with its persistence. As HPV-16 is responsible for 90% of anal cancers, prevention should include education around sexual practices. 812 Prediction Model for 30-Day Hospital Readmissions Among Patients Discharged Receiving Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy Valérie Martel-Laferrière, Michael Wong, and Douglas T. Dieterich Cirrhosis is a major health problem in HIV/hepatitis C virus–coinfected patients. Making the diagnosis is challenging but it is imperative to screen for complications and adjust treatment accordingly. Noninvasive tests can help the infectious disease specialist to diagnose cirrhosis. 848 Genève M. Allison, Eavan G. Muldoon, David M. Kent, Jessica K. Paulus, Robin Ruthazer, Aretha Ren, and David R. Snydman Serial Determinations of Neutrophil CD64 Expression for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Sepsis in Critically Ill Patients The role for self-disinfecting surfaces or fabrics in reducing healthcare-associated infections, such as through impregnation with copper, silver, or titanium dioxide or the alteration of the surface to minimize microbial adherence, is reviewed and the implications are discussed. 854 Aikaterini Dimoula, Olivier Pradier, Zaina Kassengera, Dyanne Dalcomune, Hulya Turkan, and Jean-Louis Vincent Indirect effects of pediatric use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines influence adult pneumococcal disease rates. The differential between the 23 and 13 vaccine serotypes has widened in many settings, in proportion and incidence. Such differences help explain recent national recommendations. VIEWPOINTS The Pertussis Problem Stanley A. Plotkin Pertussis is resurgent. In countries using acellular vaccines, waning immunity is at least part of the problem. This article discusses possible improvements to those vaccines. BRIEF REPORT 834 Impact of Infectious Diseases Society of America/Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society Guidelines on Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children Rachael K. Ross, Adam L. Hersh, Matthew P. Kronman, Jason G. Newland, Talene A. Metjian, A. Russell Localio, Theoklis E. Zaoutis, and Jeffrey S. Gerber PHOTO QUIZ 839 A Patient With Ulcerated Nodules on His Face (Answer on pages 901–2.) CLINICAL PRACTICE Pneumococcal Serotype Diversity Among Adults in Various Countries, Influenced by Pediatric Pneumococcal Vaccination Uptake John D. Grabenstein and David J. Weber Measurement of neutrophil CD64 expression at intensive care unit admission is useful in diagnosing sepsis, especially in combination with C-reactive protein levels. 830 HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY Self-disinfecting and Microbiocide-Impregnated Surfaces and Fabrics: What Potential in Interrupting the Spread of Healthcare-Associated Infection? Hilary Humphreys Outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) is a mainstay of current medical therapy. We developed a 30-day readmission prediction model comprised of age, prior admissions, resistant organisms, and aminoglycoside use. Future work should target OPAT patients at high risk of readmission. 820 VIRAL HEPATITIS HIV/Hepatitis C Virus–Coinfected Patients and Cirrhosis: How to Diagnose It and What to Do Next? HIV/AIDS 865 A Multicenter Study of Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy and Transmitted Drug Resistance in Antiretroviral-Naive Adolescents and Young Adults With HIV in New York City Christina Gagliardo, Ava Brozovich, Jeffrey Birnbaum, Anita Radix, Marc Foca, John Nelson, Lisa Saiman, Michael Yin, Elektra Carras-Terzian, Emily West, and Natalie Neu This multicenter study demonstrates uptake in recently changed HIV guidelines for initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-infected youths in New York City. Our results also demonstrate a high proportion of ART resistance in ART-naive youths newly diagnosed with HIV. 873 Telaprevir in the Treatment of Acute Hepatitis C Virus Infection in HIV-Infected Men CORRESPONDENCE Daniel S. Fierer, Douglas T. Dieterich, Michael P. Mullen, Andrea D. Branch, Alison J. Uriel, Damaris C. Carriero, Wouter O. van Seggelen, Rosanne M. Hijdra, and David G. Cassagnol; for the New York Acute Hepatitis C Surveillance Network 903 Luke T. Daum, P. B. Fourie, Sanjib Bhattacharyya, Nazir A. Ismail, Steve Gradus, Nontuthuko E. Maningi, Shaheed V. Omar, and Gerald W. Fischer Adding telaprevir to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin for treatment of acute genotype 1 hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected men significantly decreased treatment duration to 12 weeks and improved sustained virologic response rates to 84%. 904 880 Next-Generation Sequencing for Identifying Pyrazinamide Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Editorial Commentary: Management of Hepatitis C Virus in HIV-Infected Patients in the Era of Direct-Acting Antivirals Interferon-γ Release Assays in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: Everything Begins With a Single Small Step Laura Muñoz and Miguel Santin Marija Zeremski, Anthony D. Martinez, and Andrew H. Talal 905 883 A Pilot Study Assessing the Safety and Latency-Reversing Activity of Disulfiram in HIV-1–Infected Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy Adam M. Spivak, Adriana Andrade, Evelyn Eisele, Rebecca Hoh, Peter Bacchetti, Namandjé N. Bumpus, Fatemeh Emad, Robert Buckheit III, Elinore F. McCance-Katz, Jun Lai, Margene Kennedy, Geetanjali Chander, Robert F. Siliciano, Janet D. Siliciano, and Steven G. Deeks In this pilot clinical trial, disulfiram was administered to HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy to determine the drug’s effect on the latent reservoir. Reservoir size did not change; however, some participants experienced transient increases in viremia. Disulfiram deserves further study as an antilatency agent. 891 Editorial Commentary: Reversing Latency in HIV-Infected Patients Martin Tolstrup 893 Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2, a Novel Cardiovascular Inflammatory Marker, in HIV-Infected Patients Alexandra Mangili, Raabia Ahmad, Robert L. Wolfert, Jeffrey Kuvin, Joseph F. Polak, Richard H. Karas, and Christine A. Wanke Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, an emerging biomarker of cardiovascular disease that is highly abnormal in HIV-infected patients and associated with several cardiometabolic and treatment-specific risk factors, may be used as an additional and more vascular specific biomarker for cardiovascular risk stratification. Reply to Muñoz and Santin David J. Horne, Masahiro Narita, Christopher L. Spitters, and Ajit P. Limaye 906 A Tool to Enhance Medical Care, Communication, and Patients’ Understanding of High-Resolution Anoscopy Edward R. Cachay and Wm. C. Mathews ERRATUM 908 Weinberger et al (Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58:188–94) ELECTRONIC ARTICLE e115 Rituximab as Successful Adjunct Treatment in a Patient With Disseminated Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection Due to Acquired Anti–Interferon-γ Autoantibody Christopher A. Czaja, Patricia A. Merkel, Edward D. Chan, Laurel L. Lenz, Molly L. Wolf, Rafeul Alam, Stephen K. Frankel, Aryeh Fischer, Shaila Gogate, Carlos M. Perez-Velez, and Vijaya Knight An acquired immune deficiency due to IFNγ autoantibodies was diagnosed in a 78-year-old Japanese man with treatment-refractory disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. In addition to standard antimycobacterial therapy, he was successfully treated with rituximab to eliminate B cells and thereby the autoantibody. Subsequently, he obtained a sustained remission from infection. The electronic article listed above is freely available in this issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases online (http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/ content/current ).