Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Oxidative phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Light-dependent reactions wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Biology – Unit 3 Review Vocabulary Fitness The ability of an organism to cope or endure its environment. Amylase An enzyme found in saliva that breaks down starch (complex sugar) into maltose (a simple sugar). Enzyme A protein that facilitates a chemical reaction. Glucose A simple sugar. C6H12O6 is its chemical formula, consisting of 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms. Produced by photosynthetic plants and bacteria, this molecule is the principal energy source for most organism’s metabolism. Starch A complex sugar. Starch is a macromolecule that results from plants needing to store extra glucose in a more compact form. Substrates The molecules on which enzymes act. Glycogen Another macromolecule that results from the need to store extra glucose. This is the chief Carbohydrate used by animals for energy storage. Metabolism All the chemical activities and changes that take place in a cell or an organism. Heart Rate How many times the heart beats per unit of time. Usually recorded in beats per minute. Diet The food and liquids an organism consumes. Protein An organic compound composed of one or more polypeptide chains of amino acids. Most Structural materials and enzymes in a cell are proteins. Carbohydrate An organic compound composed of carbon based sugars and water. Lipid An organic compound composed of a glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids. Sugar – Complex Carbs vs Simple Complex carbohydrates, otherwise known as starches, are chains of 3 or more sugars. Food sources include grains, breads, cereals, rice, some vegetables and legumes. They take longer to digest than simple sugars. Simple sugars are made of 2 or less molecules of sugar. Most, if not all, end in –ose. For example: Glucose; Maltose; Sucrose; Fructose. Food sources include candies, sodas, syrups, fruits and yogurts. Energy – Kinetic, Potential Kinetic energy is how much force an object has in motion. It is based on mass and acceleration. Potential energy is how much energy an object has at rest. It is based on mass and position in a gravitational and/or magnetic field and/or concentration gradient. Matter Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Abiotic vs biotic Matter is broken into two categories. Abiotic is matter that is non living. Biotic is living. Molecule A combination of two or more atoms. Atom The basic unit of matter; consisting of a nuclear region of neutrons and protons and one or more electrons that orbit the nuclear region. Atoms were once thought to be the smallest particles of the universe until the study of subatomic particles began in the latter half of the twentieth century. Element A substance that can not be broken down into any other. It is made of only one specific Type of atom. Pure gold possesses only gold atoms. Pure carbon has only carbon atoms. Covalent Bond A bond between atoms where a sharing of electrons occurs. Exothermic Exo – Exterior/Out Thermic – Heat This is a type of reaction where energy is given off in the form of heat. Will result in a temperature increase. Example: Metal with Acid Endothermic Endo – Interior/In Thermic – Heat This is a type of reaction where energy is taken in and stored in the new chemical bonds between the atoms. Will result in a temperature decrease. Example: Ammonia Nitrate with water. Calorie A measurement of energy. One calorie is exactly enough energy to raise the temperature of one milliliter of water one degree celcius. Food labels usually list calories with a capital C indicating kilocalories. Mass The quantity of inertia an object possesses. Mass and weight are often confused. Mass Does not change like weight does when an object is subject to different gravitational forces. You do not weigh the same on the Earth as you do on the moon, but your mass remains the same. Density An object’s mass divided by its volume. Water has a density of 1g/cm 3. Heterotroph An organism that can not create its own food and most rely on consuming other organisms that can create their own food, or energy source for carrying out its Metabolic functions. Autotroph An organism that can create its own food source. Photosynthesis A cellular process carried out by most plants and some bacteria which captures light energy and uses it in combination with carbon dioxide and water to create glucose, releases oxygen as a waste product. Cellular Respiration Another cellular process carried out by all cells. A series of chemical reactions which break down food molecules (glucose) and obtain energy (ATP) from them. ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate A molecule that is used to store energy in living organisms. One adenosine combined with three phosphates. The bond between the third phosphate and the adenosine is broken when the organism wants to use that release of energy for any metabolic function. pH A measure of acidic a solution is. The scale is 0 – 14. 7 is neutral. Below 7 is acidic. Above 7 is alkaline, or basic. Food Pyramid A guide used by humans to base their diet on. Food Web Food chains in an ecosystem taken collectively, showing partial overlapping and competition for many food organisms. Producer An autotroph. Any organism that produces its own food using matter and energy from the nonliving world. Consumer A heterotroph. Any organism that feeds on another organism or their organic wastes. Decomposer An organism that lives on decaying organic material, from which it obtains energy and its own raw materials for life. Aerobic Any process that takes place in the presence of oxygen. Anaerobic Any process that takes place in the absence of oxygen. Glycolysis The first stage in cellular respiration, this is the initial breakdown of a carbohydrate, usually glucose, into smaller molecules. It requires 2 ATP, but produces 4, thus providing a net gain of 2 ATP. It is an anaerobic process. Krebs Cycle The second, or intermediary, stage in cellular respiration that completes the breakdown of intermediate products of glycolysis. It is an aerobic process. Electron Transport System The process by which electrons are transferred from one carrier molecule to another in photosynthesis and cellular respiration resulting in the formation of many ATP molecules. This is an aerobic process. Chloroplast This organelle, found only in plants and photosynthetic protists, contains the pigment chlorophyll which absorbs light energy used to drive photosynthesis. Thylakoid A flattened sac in the chloroplast. Many are organized into stacks called grana. The pigments and enzymes for the light reactions of photosynthesis are embedded in the sac membrane. Chlorophyll The green pigments of plants and many microorganisms; converts light energy to chemical energy that is used in biological reactions. Ecosystem A biological community in its abiotic environment. Community All the organisms that inhabit a particular area. Biomass The dry weight of organic matter that makes up a group of organisms in a particular habitat. The total mass of all living material in a habitat. Habitat The place where an organism lives. Niche The role or function an organism has in its habitat and ecosystem. Nutrient Any substance consumed by an organism that will provide for the metabolic functions of that organism. Human’s six nutrients are classified as water, minerals, vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids (fats). Toxins Any substance that eventually causes diminished performance or decreased health. Mitochondria An organelle known as the “power house” of the cell because it is the site of aerobic respiration. It has an inner and outer membrane. Major Concepts: Performance, Fitness and Nutrition What is your personal definition of fitness? Nutrition and diet affect performance and fitness. What you eat and the type of lifestyle you live directly affect your ability to perform physically and mentally. Conservation of Energy Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Even though the amount of energy at one location can change, the total amount of energy in the universe remains the same. Conservation of Mass Matter can neither be created nor destroyed. Matter can change in form and location, but the total amount of matter in the universe remains the same. Molecules, Atoms and bonds Atoms form bonds with one another to create molecules. Bonds are formed when electrons from the outer orbits of atoms are shared or given, or create an attraction between positively and negatively charged particles. Cycles Matter seems to go through cycles on the Earth, in our solar system, and even in the universe. Some specific cycles that are fundamental to life on Earth are: Water Cycle; Carbon Cycle; Nitrogen Cycle. Photosynthesis Certain organisms (plants, cyanobacteria, and photosynthetic protests) can capture light energy and use it to ultimately create food that can be used by their own organism or other organisms that may consume them. Light energy, carbon dioxide and water are needed for the organism to produce glucose and ATP. Oxygen is given off as a waste product. The entire process is divided into two distinct stages; the light dependent and the light independent stages. The first stage occurs in the presence of light; light energy is absorbed and then converted into chemical energy. The second stage incorporates carbon (from carbon dioxide) into carbohydrates (sugars). Cellular Respiration All cells are thought to engage in this process in order to provide energy for the organism. The production of ATP molecules is the ultimate goal. There are three major steps. The first one is anaerobic, meaning it does not require oxygen. It is called glycolysis. It takes place in the cytosol and is the initial breakdown of glucose. It produces a net gain of 2 ATP. The second two steps are both aerobic. The Krebs Cycle takes the pyruvate molecules from glycolysis and uses them to synthesize a six carbon compound from acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate. The six carbon sugar citrate then goes through a series of reactions which eventually release two molecules of carbon dioxide, some ATP and several NADH molecules (energy carriers). Energy pyramids and trophic levels Energy is passed on from organism to organism in a community. However, only a portion the energy available at one trophic level is available at the next higher trophic level. This is a key argument for convincing people to eat lower on the food web. To explain this, let’s use the example of the grass, cow and human. If a person were to only eat meat (cows), it would take 100 kg of plants (grass eaten by the cow) to create 1 kg of human biomass. If the person were to eat the grass directly, it would only take 10 kg of food to create that same 1 kg of human biomass.