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Chapter 4 How Ecosystems Work Ecosystem • All of the _________________________ living in an area together with their ___________________________ _______________________. • Examples: ______________________________________________ The components of an ecosystem Biotic Factors _____________________________________ parts of an ecosystem. Examples include: Plants _____________________________ Dead parts of organisms ______________________ products from organisms Abiotic Factors ____________________________ parts of an ecosystem. Examples include: __________________ Water __________________ Sand __________________ Temperature Habitats • _______________________________________________________. • Every habitat has specific ________________________ and ______________________________factors; if any of these factors change then the habitat changes. Levels of an Ecosystem ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Organisms _____________________________________________________ Species A group of organisms that can ________________ to produce ___________________________ _____________________________ Populations • All members of the _______________ ___________________ that live in a particular location at the ___________________ _______________. Community • A ______________________ of various species that lives in the same place and _____________________________________________________. Evolution • In 1850, English naturalist ____________________________________ observed that organisms in a population differ slightly from each other in ________________, _____________________, & _____________________________. • Darwin’s theory of __________________________ Selection: ________________ __________________________________________________ • Evolution: A change in ________________________ ______________________ of a population from one _______________________________ to the next. Adaptation • An ________________________________ variation that increases an organisms chance of ________________________ and ______________________ Evolution can take place through two means: Artificial Selection Resistance Natural Selection The __________________________exerts a strong influence over which individuals survive to produce _______________________________. Some individuals, ________________________________________________, are more likely to survive and reproduce than __________________ individuals Natural Selection over many ___________________________ causes the characteristics of a population to _____________________________. Nature selects for certain traits – more likely to survive and reproduce. As the population of a ___________________ species change, _________________________________________________ Artificial Selection The __________________________________ breeding of organisms by humans for specific _______________________________________. Ex: ___________________________________________________________________ Selecting for traits such as ____________________ and sweetness, farmers create ____________________________ of crops. Terms to Know Adaptation: __________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Coevolution: The process of _____ species evolving in response to long term interactions with each other. Ex. ___________________________ Resistance: The ability of one or more organisms to ___________________ a particular ________________________ designed to kill it. Ex. Pesticide with corn and __________________________________ The Diversity of Living Things Archaebacteria (________________________) • Bacteria-like organisms that live in extremely harsh, ____________________ environments such as ______________________________, deep ocean volcanic vents, sewage treatment plants, and ________________________________________ • Aerobic – Use ____________________________ • Anaerobic – Does not use ___________________________ Eubacteria • The _______________________ bacteria • They are complex and ________________________ celled. Most bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA kingdom. They are the kinds found everywhere and are the ones people are most familiar with. • Prokaryotic – lack __________________________ • Eukaryotic – have __________________________ Protists • ______________________________ & paramecium are examples of protists. • Called the odds and ends kingdom because its members are so different from one another. Protists include all microscopic organisms that are not ________________________, not ______________________, not ________________________ and not ______________________________ Fungi • ______________________________, mold and __________________________ are all examples of organisms in the kingdom fungi • Most fungi are ___________________________ and consists of many complex cells. • • Autotroph – organisms that make their own ___________________ Heterotroph – _________________________________________________________ Plants • • • Plants are all _____________________________ and consist of complex cells. The plant kingdom is the __________________________ largest kingdom. Without plants, ______________________________________________________! Plants feed almost all the heterotrophs (organisms that eat other organisms) on Earth Animals • The animal kingdom is the largest kingdom with over ___________________________________________________________ • All animals consist of ________________________________ complex cells.