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Chapter 4 How Ecosystems Work
Ecosystem
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All of the _________________________ living in an area together with their
___________________________ _______________________.
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Examples: ______________________________________________
The components of an ecosystem
 Biotic Factors
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_____________________________________ parts of an ecosystem.
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Examples include:
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Plants
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_____________________________
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Dead parts of organisms
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______________________ products from organisms
 Abiotic Factors
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____________________________ parts of an ecosystem.
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Examples include:
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__________________
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Water
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__________________
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Sand
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__________________
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Temperature
Habitats
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_______________________________________________________.
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Every habitat has specific ________________________ and
______________________________factors; if any of these factors change then
the habitat changes.
Levels of an Ecosystem
 ___________________________
 ___________________________
 ___________________________
 ___________________________
Organisms
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_____________________________________________________
Species
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A group of organisms that can ________________ to produce
___________________________ _____________________________
Populations
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All members of the _______________ ___________________ that live in a
particular location at the ___________________ _______________.
Community
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A ______________________ of various species that lives in the same place
and _____________________________________________________.
Evolution
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In 1850, English naturalist ____________________________________
observed that organisms in a population differ slightly from each other in
________________, _____________________, & _____________________________.
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Darwin’s theory of __________________________ Selection: ________________
__________________________________________________
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Evolution: A change in ________________________ ______________________
of a population from one _______________________________ to the next.
Adaptation
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An ________________________________ variation that increases an
organisms chance of ________________________ and ______________________
Evolution can take place through two means:
Artificial Selection
Resistance
Natural Selection
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The __________________________exerts a strong influence over which
individuals survive to produce _______________________________.
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Some individuals, ________________________________________________, are
more likely to survive and reproduce than __________________ individuals

Natural Selection over many ___________________________ causes the
characteristics of a population to _____________________________.

Nature selects for certain traits – more likely to survive and reproduce.
As the population of a ___________________ species change,
_________________________________________________
Artificial Selection
 The __________________________________ breeding of organisms by
humans for specific _______________________________________.
 Ex: ___________________________________________________________________
 Selecting for traits such as ____________________ and sweetness, farmers
create ____________________________ of crops.
Terms to Know
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Adaptation: __________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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Coevolution: The process of _____ species evolving in response to long
term interactions with each other. Ex. ___________________________

Resistance: The ability of one or more organisms to ___________________
a particular ________________________ designed to kill it. Ex. Pesticide
with corn and __________________________________
The Diversity of Living Things
Archaebacteria (________________________)
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Bacteria-like organisms that live in extremely harsh, ____________________
environments such as ______________________________, deep ocean
volcanic vents, sewage treatment plants, and
________________________________________
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Aerobic – Use ____________________________
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Anaerobic – Does not use ___________________________
Eubacteria
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The _______________________ bacteria
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They are complex and ________________________ celled. Most bacteria are
in the EUBACTERIA kingdom. They are the kinds found everywhere and
are the ones people are most familiar with.
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Prokaryotic – lack __________________________
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Eukaryotic – have __________________________
Protists
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______________________________ & paramecium are examples of protists.
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Called the odds and ends kingdom because its members are so different
from one another. Protists include all microscopic organisms that are
not ________________________, not ______________________, not
________________________ and not ______________________________
Fungi
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______________________________, mold and __________________________ are
all examples of organisms in the kingdom fungi
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Most fungi are ___________________________ and consists of many complex
cells.
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Autotroph – organisms that make their own ___________________
Heterotroph – _________________________________________________________
Plants
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•
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Plants are all _____________________________ and consist of complex cells.
The plant kingdom is the __________________________ largest kingdom.
Without plants, ______________________________________________________!
Plants feed almost all the heterotrophs (organisms that eat other
organisms) on Earth
Animals
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The animal kingdom is the largest kingdom with over
___________________________________________________________
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All animals consist of ________________________________ complex cells.