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7 DNA.notebook March 14, 2014 DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid A code in a cell's hereditary material; It contains information for an organism‛s growth and function. • DNA is shaped like a spiral staircase called a "double helix" • Its shape is made up of the sides of the ladder and the rungs (steps). - Sides of the ladder = Deoxyribose and Phosphates - Rungs = Nitrogen Base Pairs The nitrogen bases are: Adenine Thymine These ALWAYS pair together Guanine Cytosine 7 DNA.notebook March 14, 2014 7 DNA.notebook March 14, 2014 Chromosome: A structure formed of condensed (coiled up) DNA. *Humans have 23 chromosome pairs (1 from Mom, 1 from Dad) Karotype Gene: A section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for something. -->Each chromosome has 100's of genes! --> Some genes can be 1000's of nitrogen base pairs long! --> Each gene is located at a specific point along a chromosome. 7 DNA.notebook March 14, 2014 SUPER SCIENTISTS!!! Friedrich Miescher (1863) - The first person to discover that "something" was inside of the nucleus. He called this discovery "Nuclein". Rosalind Franklin (1950's) - Discovered the helical structure of DNA has two strands when she used an X-Ray method to look further into the structure of DNA. Watson and Crick (1953) - Used Franklin's X-Ray information to piece together their information on the four nitrogen bases and sugar and phosphates. With Franklin's discovery, Watson and Crick solved the mystery of the structure of DNA as what they called (and what we still call) The Double Helix Molecule. 7 DNA.notebook March 14, 2014 DNA Replication Replication - to make a copy of DNA Enzyme -helps to regulate chemical cell processes. Attaches NB Unzips NB Step 1 DNA unzips with the help of enzymes Step 2 Enzymes attach new nitrogen bases (that are floating in the nucleus) to each of the unzipped strands. Step 3 2 new sets of DNA are formed Original Strand ... ACGTAATCGT- Unzips ... 2 New DNA ACGTAATCGT- ACGTAATCGTStrand 1 Strand 2 7 DNA.notebook March 14, 2014 Mutation: any change in the DNA sequence of a gene or chromosome. *Mutations occur when a segment of DNA is: - deleted - added - substituted ORIGINAL STRAND: C C A A C C A A G G T T G G T T C C A A C A A G G T T G T T Base pair is deleted! C C A A C C C A A G G T T G G G T T C C A A T C A A G G T T A G T T Base pair is added! Base pair is substituted! 7 DNA.notebook March 14, 2014 7 DNA.notebook March 14, 2014 Notes March 12, 2014 RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) - Used to take DNA codes and transfer them into proteins that the cell needs. RNA vs. DNA * RNA only has one strand * DNA has two strands * RNA does not have Thymine - The nitrogen base Uracil replaces where Thymine should be in DNA ACGTAATCGT- 1. T G C A T T A G C A original DNA strand 2. A C G T A A T C G T T G C A T T A G C A DNA strand separates when it needs to make a protein (DNA is too big to fit out of the nucleus, so RNA needsto help out!) 3. -U -G -C -A -U -U -A -G -C -A A C G T A A T C G T RNA makes a complimentarystrand that will "read" theDNA code. 4. -U -G -C -A -U -U -A -G -C -A Amino Acids (molecules that makeproteins) attach to the RNA andcreate what is needed