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Support material Earthquake terms Common Earthquake Terms The focus or hypocentre of an earthquake is where the earthquake originated from, usually underground on the fault zone. Epicentre The epicentre of an earthquake is the point on the surface of Earth directly above the the epicentre. A fault is a weak point within a tectonic plate where pressure from beneath the surface can break through and causing shaking in an earthquake. Magnitude Magnitude is used to describe the size of the Earthquake Earthquake..There Thereare areaanumber numberof of different ways to calculate the magnitude of an earthquake, including the Richter also use the moment Scale. Scientists In Australia, seismologists preferthe magnitude scale, which calculates the use of the moment magnitude scale, magnitude of an the earthquake based on which calculates magnitude of an physical properties such as theproperties area of earthquake based on physical movement along the fault(slip) plane. such as the (slip) area of movement along the fault plane. Modified The Modified Mercalli scale is another way Mercalli sometimes used to measure an Focus: Waves of earthquake: Scale earthquake.used This to scale is based Mercalli sometimes measure anon what Where the earthquake The seismic waves of an earthquake carry people in theThis areascale felt and howon much Scale earthquake. is based what begins. Also called the the force of the earthquake and cause damageinwas during people thedone area felt andthe howearthquake. much hypocentre. damage on the surface This scalewas is indone roman numerals. damage during the earthquake. This scale is in roman numerals. Seismology Seismology is the study of earthquakes. People who study earthquakes are called Seismologists. Seismology Seismology is the study of earthquakes. People who study earthquakes are called Seismologists. Aftershock Aftershocks are smaller earthquakes that may occur after the main earthquake in the same area. Aftershock Aftershocks are smaller earthquakes thattomay after the main They are caused by the area readjusting theoccur fault movement, andearthquake some may in bethe thesame resultarea. of They are caused by the area readjusting to the fault movement, and some may be the result of continuing movement along the same fault zone. continuing movement along the same fault zone. Foreshock Foreshocks are smaller earthquakes occur in the same area as a larger earthquake that follows. Foreshock Foreshocks are smaller earthquakes in the same area as a larger that follows. Not all earthquakes have foreshocksoccur or aftershocks. Sometimes a seriesearthquake of similar sized Not all earthquakes have foreshocks or aftershocks. Sometimes a series of similar sized earthquakes, called an earthquake swarm, happens over months without being followed by a earthquakes,larger calledearthquake. an earthquake swarm, happens over months without being followed by a significantly Waves Waves Earthquake waves travel through and on top of the surface of Earth causing the shaking and Earthquakeonwaves travel through and waves on topcan of the surface of Earth causing thecausing shaking and vibrations the ground. Earthquake travel hundreds of kilometres vibrations on the ground. Earthquake waves can travel hundreds of kilometres causing earthquakes to be felt a long way away from the origin. earthquakes to be felt a long way away from the origin. Version : EMPC-EQD-1.0-W Version : EMPC-EQD-1.0 October 2012 Plane Fault Plane Epicentre: The point on the ground directly above the focus Fault: A weak point in the tectonic plate where pressure within the crust is released For the latest version of this publication visit www.ses.vic.gov.au Focus Tectonic plates The outer layer (crust) of Earth is divided into sections called tectonic plates. Earthquake A sudden movement of Earth’s crust caused by the release of stress accumulated along geologic faults or by volcanic activity. Tsunami A giant wave (or series of waves) created by an undersea earthquake, volcanic eruption or landslide. Tremors A shaking or vibrating movement, for example a small earthquake. Seismology A branch of science focused on the study of earthquakes and seismic activity. Seismic waves Waves of energy caused either by earthquakes, by massive man-made explosions or volcanos. Seismometer An instrument that detects the intensity, direction and duration of earthquakes and other ground movements such as explosions. Seismograph When the earth trembles, this device takes the readings produced by a Seismometer and produces a Seismogram (which is a graph that looks like a squiggly line). Igneous This type of rock is formed either underground or above ground from magna or lava. Emergency plan and kit A kit provides easy access to items that can help you survive an earthquake, storm or other natural disaster, in one handy location. If an extreme event did occur, having a plan of how you will deal with the event is of importance. Soil liquefaction This is the process of loose soil acting like a liquid during an earthquake.