Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov pioneered research into a form of learning known as classical conditioning. In classical conditioning, one stimulus causes a response that is usually caused by another stimulus. Classical conditioning can help people adapt to the environment and can help eliminate troubling fears or other behaviors. Classical conditioning is a form of learning that involves the use of a stimulus to generate a specific response. Section 1: Classical Conditioning Conditioning is a type of learning that involves stimulus-response connections. Classical conditioning is a simple form of learning in which one stimulus calls forth the response that is usually called forth by another stimulus. Pavlov’s Dogs Stimulus and Response • Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov used dogs in his studies of classical conditioning. • He trained the dogs to associate the sound of a bell with food. • They learned that the sound of the bell meant food was coming. • Unconditioned stimulus: a stimulus that causes a response that is automatic, not learned • Unconditioned response: caused by an unconditioned stimulus • Conditioned response: a learned response to a neutral stimulus • Conditioned stimulus: a previously neutral stimulus that causes a conditioned response Taste Aversions Extinction • Taste aversion: learned response to a particular food • One-trial learning • Extinction: Disappearance of conditioned response when unconditioned stimulus no longer follows conditioned stimulus Spontaneous Recovery Generalization and Discrimination • Spontaneous recovery: Reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after some time has passed • Generalization: The tendency to respond in the same way to stimuli that have similar characteristics • Discrimination: The act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other Flooding and Systematic Desensitization • In flooding, a person is exposed to the harmless stimulus until fear responses to that stimulus are extinguished. • With systematic desensitization, people learn relaxation techniques and then, while they are relaxed, they are gradually exposed to the stimulus they fear. Counterconditioning • In counterconditioning, a pleasant stimulus is paired repeatedly with a fearful one, counteracting the fear.