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Transcript
Honors Biology 1 Chapter 3 Vocabulary: Biochemistry Section 1 organic compound: a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides functional group: the portion of a molecule that is active in a chemical reaction and that determines the properties of many organic compounds monomer: a simple molecule that can combine with other like or unlike molecules to make a polymer polymer: a large molecule that is formed by more than five monomers, or small units macromolecule: a very large organic molecule, usually a polymer, composed of hundreds or thousands of atoms condensation reaction: a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule hydrolysis: a chemical reaction between water and another substance to form two or more new substances; a reaction between water and a salt to create an acid or base adenosine triphosphate (ATP): an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups Section 2 carbohydrate: any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things monosaccharide: a simple sugar that is the basic subunit, or monomer, of a carbohydrate disaccharide: a sugar formed from two monosaccharides polysaccharide: one of the carbohydrates made up of long chains of simple sugars; polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, and glycogen protein: an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells amino acid: an organic molecule that contains a carboxyl and an amino group and that makes up proteins; a protein monomer peptide bond: the chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid polypeptide: a long chain of several amino acids enzyme: a type of protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions in plant and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed substrate: a part, substance, or element that lies beneath and supports another part, substance, or element; the reactant in reactions catalyzed by enzymes active site: the site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate lipid: a large, nonpolar organic molecule, including fats and steroids; lipids store energy and make up cell membranes fatty acid: an organic acid that is contained in lipids, such as fats or oils triglyceride: a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule phospholipid: a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes wax: a type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain that is joined to a long alcohol chain steroid: a type of lipid that consists of four carbon rings to which various functional groups are attached and that usually has a physiological action nucleic acid: an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics ribonucleic acid (RNA): a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis nucleotide: in a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base