Download Unit III: Introduction to Cells Unit IV: Cell Processes

Unit III: Introduction to Cells
A. Cell Theory: compound microscope, electron microscope, electron micrograph, cell theory, membrane-bound organelles,
eukaryotes, prokaryotes
1. Distinguish between compound microscopes and electron microscopes;
2. Discuss three main ideas associated with the cell theory;
3. What is a membrane-bound organelle? Give five examples:
4. Distinguish between eukaryote and prokaryote; Give two examples of each:
B. Cell Parts: plasma membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, chloroplasts,
cell wall, vacuole, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, flagella, cilia
1. What role does the cell’s plasma membrane play in maintaining homeostasis?
2. General function of membrane-bound organelles;
3. Specific function of each listed membrane-bound organelle: nucleus, ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles,
Golgi bodies, mitochondria, chloroplasts, flagella, cilia, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton.
4. Compare and contrast the following typical cells: plant, animal, bacteria
Unit IV: Cell Processes
A. Cell Transport: permeability, Brownian motion, concentration gradient, diffusion, osmosis, passive transport,
active transport, channel proteins, protein pumps.
1. Explain the phrase “selective permeability”, sometimes referred to as semi-permeability;
2. Discuss the role Brownian motion plays in diffusion;
3. Describe the concept of a concentration gradient; going against or “up” the gradient requires __________.
4. Briefly describe the lipid bilayer of a typical plasma membrane;
5. Discuss the role proteins play in active transport; distinguish between pumps and channels;
B. Cell Energy: ATP, photosynthesis, chlorophyll, Light reactions, Krebs cycle, stroma, aerobic respiration, thylakoids,
mitochondrial matrix
1. Where is the energy stored in a molecule of ATP? How is that energy accessed?
2. List the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis;
3. List five reasons why photosynthesis is the most important biologic process on earth?
4. List the inputs and outputs of aerobic cell respiration:
5. Discuss alcohol fermentation & lactic acid fermentation; Identify three products humans benefit as a result of fermentation
C. Cell Division: interphase, chromatin, mitosis, chromosome, centrioles, spindle fiber, cytokinesis, cancer, leukemia, mutation,
tumor suppressor gene, proto-oncogene, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, anti-angiogenic therapy
1. Paraphrase the cell cycle; include interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
2. Most of the time the DNA in our cells is loosely-arranged _______________. During interphase, the cell grows and
chromatin ___________. Prior to dividing, the chromatin condenses forming structures known as__________________,
which separate during Mitosis.
3. Discuss the role of centrioles during mitosis;
4. Define cancer and give five examples:
5. Leukemia is s specific type of cancer that affects _________________.
6. Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes; what role do they have in cancer?
7. Briefly discuss the following cancer treatments: chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and anti-angiogenic therapy
D. DNA Replication: helicase, DNA polymerase, semiconservative, base pairs
1. Explain the role of enzymes during DNA replication;
2. Briefly discuss the semiconservative nature of DNA replication using the terms parent strands and daughter strands
3. Identify the nitrogenous base pairs; “Apple Turnover”, “Grape Crush”, and RNA’s “Apple Umbrellas”
E. Protein Synthesis: gene expression, human genome, transcription, RNA polymerase, mRNA, translation, tRNA, rRNA,
codon, point mutation, frameshift mutation
1. Create a flow chart summarizing the central dogma of protein synthesis;
2. Explain the DNA code;
3. Define gene and describe the human genome;
4. ____________ is a rough estimate of the number of human genes found in the human genome
5. Why are proteins sometimes referred to as polypeptide chains?
6. Where does transcription occur? Discuss the role of DNA during transcription;
7. Where does translation occur? Discuss the role of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA during translation
8. Distinguish between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation;
9. Describe three possible affects of a genetic mutation and list three environmental factors that may cause mutations: