Download last year`s final exam

Old FINAL EXAM BIO409/509
NAME _____________________
Please number your answers and write them on the attached,
lined paper.
Gene expression can be regulated at several steps. Describe
one example for each of the following:
1) regulation of transcription
2) regulation of RNA processing
3) regulation of RNA stability in the nucleus
4) regulation of the initiation of translation
5) regulation of the elongation of translation
6) post-transcriptional modification
7,8) What are the three main ways in which a transcription factor
increases the rate of transcription of a target gene?
9) What are proteoglycans? Are they found in the mitochondria,
nucleus, cytoplasm, all three, or somewhere else?
10) What is the cause of Gaucher disease?
11) What is the function of filopodia?
12) What are the inclusion bodies in I-cell disease?
13) Where in a cell do tyrosine kinase receptors get
synthesized?
14) What has to happen to mitochondrial proteins after they get
transported into the mitochondria? What proteins do the job?
15) What part of the cytoskeleton helps macrophages crawl out
of your bloodstream and crawl into tissues that are infected?
16) What part of the cytoskeleton helps macrophages change
shape to engulf bacteria that are infecting you?
17) There are three STOP codons in the Genetic Code. How
many tRNAs are there that bind to STOP codons?
18) What microtubule motor helps move secretory vesicles
toward the cell membrane?
19) What happens in the E site of ribosomes?
20) Where does phosphatidylserine get synthesized?
21) What happens if phosphatidylserine is on the outside of a
cell?
22) What is meant by, “The ribosome is a ribozyme”?
23) What is the function of snRNPs?
24) Mature, unfertilized eggs of many species have mRNAs for
several genes but the proteins haven’t been made yet. What is
preventing their synthesis?
25) What is the first amino acid to be added during synthesis of
almost all eukaryotic proteins?
26) Describe one way in which nutrition regulates growth by
affecting ribosome translation.
27) How does a cell know secreted proteins should be
synthesized by the rough ER?
28) How does a cell know transcription factors should be
imported into the nucleus?
29) How do most proteins get tagged and targeted for
degradation?
30) What are two things that could happen if there are a lot of
unfolded proteins in the rough ER?
31) What is the function of the proteasome?
32) Which RNA polymerase (I, II, or III) transcribes genes that
code for proteins?
33) Where does the heterochromatin tend to be located within
the nucleus?
34) Why is the proximal promoter sometimes called the basal
promoter?
35) What is the function of clathrin?
36) What are two ways that transcription is similar in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
37) Why is the response element for the estrogen receptor
sometimes drawn as two arrows pointing in opposite
directions?
38) If you had an antibody that could bind specifically to the
estrogen receptor, what method would you use to identify all the
genes to which the estrogen receptor binds?
39) Is the zinc finger of estrogen receptors part of the DNA
binding domain, the ligand-binding domain, or the transcriptionactivating domain?
40) How does the estrogen receptor repress transcription?
41) During DNA methylation, which of the four nucleotides gets
modified? How does that affect gene expression?
42) How do Polycomb proteins affect gene expression?
Secondly, do they increase or decrease gene expression?
43) What are prions?
44) What are proteins called that can help move phospholipids
across a membrane in either direction?
45) What is the function of desmosomes for the cytoskeleton
and tissues?
46) Describe how Heat Shock Transcription Factor gets
activated.
47) Where within the nucleus are ribosomal RNAs transcribed?
48) What is the main way the estrogen receptor undergoes posttranslational regulation?
49) Glycosylation is not a post-translational modification that
occurs for the estrogen receptor. Explain why not.
50) What is the function of the mannose-6 phosphate receptor?