Download AGROECOSYSTEM CONCEPT

02. AGROECOSYSTEM CONCEPT
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What is an ecosystem, and how can we study
one?
Is the earth an open or closed system with
respect to energy and elements?
How do we define "biogeochemical cycles," and
how are they important to ecosystems?
What are the major controls on ecosystem
function?
What are the major factors responsible for the
differences between ecosystems?
The concept of the agroecosystem is
based on ecological principles
NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS
Gen Sel
Organ
Organisme Populasi Komunitas
Mineral/materi
Sel
Organ
Sistem Sistem
Organisme
Sistem
Populasi
Sistem
Gambar. Spektrum Ekologi
Ekosistem
Organization of Life
Biosphere
Biosphere
Ecosystems
Ecosystems
Communities
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Populations
Organisms
Scales of Ecological Organization
INDIVIDU?POPULASI ?
KOMUNITAS ?
C
A
B
INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organs
systems
Autecology/Physiological ecology
Concerned :
how is a organism response the
environmental factors?
How is a individual organism tolerance
to stresses in environment where it will
live?
Organism
POPULATIONS
A population is a group of individuals of the
same species inhabiting the same area at
the same time.
 Important characteristics:

○ Population size, density, and dispersion
○ Birth and death rates
○ Growth rates
○ Age structure
○ Genetic Diversity
Characteristics of Populations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Population size,
density, and
dispersion
Birth and death rates
Growth rates
Age structure
Genetic Diversity
POPULATIONS
Population ecology

Concerned
:
Important in determining the factors that control
population size and growth
relation to the capacity of the environment to support
population over time
Population Ecology
A population is a group of plants, animals, or
other organisms, all of the same species,
that live together and reproduce.
 The important of population ecology
1. Numbers of individuals in a population
2. Population dynamics: how and why those
numbers increase or decrease over time
3. Population ecologists try to determine the
processes common to all populations

Population Ecology in Action

Biologists in applied disciplines such as
 Forestry
 Agronomy (crop science)
 Wildlife management
Must manage populations of economic
importance
 Prevent threatened or endangered species
from extinction

COMMUNITIES
Communities an assemblage of populations
of many species living together in the same
location at the same time.
 The important thing :

1. Community structure and functioning
2. Community Biodiversity
○ Number and types of species
○ Relative abundance of species
○ Interactions among species
3. Community Development
○ Community resilience to disturbance
○ Nutrient and energy flow
COMMUNITIES
Community ecology

Concerned
:
How the interactions of organism affect the
distribution and abundance of the different
species
ECOSYSTEMS

Ecosystems are
composed of all the
communities and
their physical,
chemical, and
biological
processes.
 Ecosystems sustain
themselves entirely
through energy flow
through food chains,
and nutrient
recycling.
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DESA T ULUN G REJO
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Kamp un gan yar Kamp un gan yar
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Landuse:
: Hutan Alami
: Hutan Produksi
: Hutan Reboisasi
: Lahan Terbuka
: Pemukiman
: Perkebunan
: Rumput
: Sawah
: Semak
: Tegalan
T
S
2000
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Components of Ecosystem
ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
BIOTIC COMPONENTS
Sunlight
Primary producers
Temperature
Herbivores
Precipitation
Carnivores
Water or moisture
Omnivores
Soil or water chemistry (e.g., P, NH4+) Detritivores
etc.
etc.
All of these vary over space/time
Biosphere
The biosphere is the
global sum of all
ecosystems. It can also be
called the zone of life on
Earth. From the broadest
biophysiological point of
view, the biosphere is the
global ecological system
integrating all living beings
and their relationships,
including their interaction
with the elements of the
lithosphere, hydrosphere
and atmosphere
Structural Properties of Communities
Species Diversity
 Dominance and Relative Abundance
 Vegetative Structure (ex: grassland,
forest )
 Trophic Structure
 Stability

Figure. Relationships within an ecosystem
NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
Processes of Ecosystems
How ecosystems function:
1. Ecosystems have energy flows and
ecosystems materials cycles.
2. Ecosystems have nutrient cycles
1. Energy flows and materials cycles
Figure. Energy flows and material cycles.
2. Energy flows and nutrient cycles
Figure. Relationship between energy flow and nutrient cycle
Biochemical cycles in ecosystem
1.
2. The carbon cycle
3. The phosphorus cycle
AGROECOSYSTEM
AGROECOSYSTEM VS. NATURAL ECOSYSTEM

Natural ecosystem is closed, or at least, unmanaged
ecosystem
 Closed ecosystem—all elements recycled through ecosystem—
not often pure closed ecosystems anymore—humans frequently
involved

Agroecosystem is an open ecosystem, or managed
ecosystem:
 Producer moves plants, animals, environmental factors
(fertilizers, feed) in & out of ecosystem
 Will not continue on its own without management
 If left alone, would progress toward closed ecosystem, but
probably not the same as original ecosystem before agriculture
without human input again
Characteristics
Agroecosystem
Productivity
Species diversity
High
Low
(monoculture)—
can use crop
rotation and
intercropping to
stabilize more
Low
Genetic diversity
within species
Plant life-cycles
present
Competition
Flowering, plant
maturing
Nutrient Cycles
Permanence
Human Control
Ecological Maturity
Few
Natural
Ecosystem
Low
High
High
Synchronized
All, more
perennial
Tolerable
(ecological niche)
Seasonal
Open
Short
High
Early, immature
Closed
Long
Low
Mature, climax
Negative
ENERGY FLOW
Figure 2.7
Functional components of an agroecosystem.
POPULATION REGULATING MECHANISM
Crop Populations
Natural Plant Population
(also true of weeds)
Seed brought in by producer
Seed produced mostly by
local plants
High seed viability
Uniform seed dispersal
Low dormancy, carryover of
seed
Variable seed viability
Non-uniform seed dispersal
Possibility of dormancy,
delayed germination
(carryover)
Uniform soils
Uniform population age,
genetics
Variable soil types
Diverse population age,
genetics
Even spacing within species
Variable spacing within
species
High allocation of plant
resources to reproduction
(seed)
Allocation to seed production
may be lower
NUTRIENT CYCLING
NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
AGROECOSYSTEM
 Inputs:
Plant residue
Animal wastes
Animal residue
Atmosphere
Nitrogen fixation
 Using the soil as a
pool of nutrients:
 Inputs:
Fertilizers
Crop residues
Atmosphere
Nitrogen fixation
 Outputs:
Crops  then
removal from
area
Erosion
Leaching
 Run-off
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 Outputs:
Plants animals
grazing on plants
Denitrification
Run-off
leaching
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ASSIGNMENT
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