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02. AGROECOSYSTEM CONCEPT What is an ecosystem, and how can we study one? Is the earth an open or closed system with respect to energy and elements? How do we define "biogeochemical cycles," and how are they important to ecosystems? What are the major controls on ecosystem function? What are the major factors responsible for the differences between ecosystems? The concept of the agroecosystem is based on ecological principles NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS Gen Sel Organ Organisme Populasi Komunitas Mineral/materi Sel Organ Sistem Sistem Organisme Sistem Populasi Sistem Gambar. Spektrum Ekologi Ekosistem Organization of Life Biosphere Biosphere Ecosystems Ecosystems Communities Communities Populations Organisms Populations Organisms Scales of Ecological Organization INDIVIDU?POPULASI ? KOMUNITAS ? C A B INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organs systems Autecology/Physiological ecology Concerned : how is a organism response the environmental factors? How is a individual organism tolerance to stresses in environment where it will live? Organism POPULATIONS A population is a group of individuals of the same species inhabiting the same area at the same time. Important characteristics: ○ Population size, density, and dispersion ○ Birth and death rates ○ Growth rates ○ Age structure ○ Genetic Diversity Characteristics of Populations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Population size, density, and dispersion Birth and death rates Growth rates Age structure Genetic Diversity POPULATIONS Population ecology Concerned : Important in determining the factors that control population size and growth relation to the capacity of the environment to support population over time Population Ecology A population is a group of plants, animals, or other organisms, all of the same species, that live together and reproduce. The important of population ecology 1. Numbers of individuals in a population 2. Population dynamics: how and why those numbers increase or decrease over time 3. Population ecologists try to determine the processes common to all populations Population Ecology in Action Biologists in applied disciplines such as Forestry Agronomy (crop science) Wildlife management Must manage populations of economic importance Prevent threatened or endangered species from extinction COMMUNITIES Communities an assemblage of populations of many species living together in the same location at the same time. The important thing : 1. Community structure and functioning 2. Community Biodiversity ○ Number and types of species ○ Relative abundance of species ○ Interactions among species 3. Community Development ○ Community resilience to disturbance ○ Nutrient and energy flow COMMUNITIES Community ecology Concerned : How the interactions of organism affect the distribution and abundance of the different species ECOSYSTEMS Ecosystems are composed of all the communities and their physical, chemical, and biological processes. Ecosystems sustain themselves entirely through energy flow through food chains, and nutrient recycling. 665 000 670 000 675 000 PETA LANDUSE TAHUN 2006 DI SUB DAS BRANTAS HULU Ka li Bra KEL. PENC ALUKAN Sumb erb ran ta s 9140000 DESA T ULUN G REJO DESA SUM BERG O ND O DESA T OYO MAR TO 9140000 Example: In Watershed ntas Sido rej o Ga be s Jun ggo Te ga lsa ri Ge rdu 9135000 9135000 Sele kta Keke p Go nd ang Paya n Segu nd u DESA PUN TEN Rek esa n Kul on Kung ku k DESA BULU KERTO Ge mbo l Page rsa ri Nge bru k Seng on an Rek esa n Weta n Punte n Page rgu nu ng Ta la ngs ari Prumb un g Pramb atan Bumi aji Gi ntun g Ta la ngr ejo Cla ket Ge mul o Siko remb ug Kand an ga n Brau L eb ak DESA Kapr u Klir an G UN UN G SAR I Brau To ng gol ari Santri an Can ga r Boro las ah DESA SI DO MU LYO Baru DESA BUM IAJ I Tl og ore jo Sumb ersa ri DESA SUM BEREJO Bana ran Ti nj omo yo DESA PAND ANREJ O Beru DESA G I RIPU RN O Bina ng un Sabr ang be nd o Cem bo Sumb ere jo Song go riti Kedu ng Boro gon da ng Klum usa n Las ah Kaja r 9130000 Sawa ha n Plam bo yan Fl amb oya n Ngu ju ng Pesa ntren DESA T AW AN G AR G O Kali pu ti h Pand an Nga gl ik Uta ra Pesa ng grah an DESA PASANG G RAH AN DESA PAND ESAR I Kraj an Dad ap an Song go kerto Ta mbu h Nga gl ik Se lata n 9130000 Ngu di Kraj an Wun uca ri Leb an Dur ek Sreb et Bara t Sreb et Ti mur KEL. SI SIR Nge mul Medu ran Brak KEL. SO NG G O KERT O Ge ntin g Te mas Sreb et Ti mur Nge mul Medu ran KEL. KEL. N G AG LI K Kamp un gan yar Kamp un gan yar Te mas Ba rat T EMAS Ge ne nga n Batu Kler ek Putuk Kali mal an g Besu l Kamp un gteh Suko mul yo Gl on ggo ng To yome rto Ngu di To yoma rto Kraj an DESA T OR O NG REJ O Go nd ore jo Beji Oro -oro om bo Ngu kir DESA BEJI AR EAL KEHU TANAN DESA PEND EM Kaja ng Pend em DESA O RO -O R O OM BO Rej oso Tl eku ng nd at O DESA MO JNga O REJ DESA J UNR EJO DESA T LEKU NG Jed ing Dre sel Jun rejo 9125000 Ga ng sira np utuk Dad apD tu liAD s Utara DESA APREJO U B 9125000 Landuse: : Hutan Alami : Hutan Produksi : Hutan Reboisasi : Lahan Terbuka : Pemukiman : Perkebunan : Rumput : Sawah : Semak : Tegalan T S 2000 665 000 0 2000 670 000 4000 Meters 675 000 Components of Ecosystem ABIOTIC COMPONENTS BIOTIC COMPONENTS Sunlight Primary producers Temperature Herbivores Precipitation Carnivores Water or moisture Omnivores Soil or water chemistry (e.g., P, NH4+) Detritivores etc. etc. All of these vary over space/time Biosphere The biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems. It can also be called the zone of life on Earth. From the broadest biophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere Structural Properties of Communities Species Diversity Dominance and Relative Abundance Vegetative Structure (ex: grassland, forest ) Trophic Structure Stability Figure. Relationships within an ecosystem NATURAL ECOSYSTEM Processes of Ecosystems How ecosystems function: 1. Ecosystems have energy flows and ecosystems materials cycles. 2. Ecosystems have nutrient cycles 1. Energy flows and materials cycles Figure. Energy flows and material cycles. 2. Energy flows and nutrient cycles Figure. Relationship between energy flow and nutrient cycle Biochemical cycles in ecosystem 1. 2. The carbon cycle 3. The phosphorus cycle AGROECOSYSTEM AGROECOSYSTEM VS. NATURAL ECOSYSTEM Natural ecosystem is closed, or at least, unmanaged ecosystem Closed ecosystem—all elements recycled through ecosystem— not often pure closed ecosystems anymore—humans frequently involved Agroecosystem is an open ecosystem, or managed ecosystem: Producer moves plants, animals, environmental factors (fertilizers, feed) in & out of ecosystem Will not continue on its own without management If left alone, would progress toward closed ecosystem, but probably not the same as original ecosystem before agriculture without human input again Characteristics Agroecosystem Productivity Species diversity High Low (monoculture)— can use crop rotation and intercropping to stabilize more Low Genetic diversity within species Plant life-cycles present Competition Flowering, plant maturing Nutrient Cycles Permanence Human Control Ecological Maturity Few Natural Ecosystem Low High High Synchronized All, more perennial Tolerable (ecological niche) Seasonal Open Short High Early, immature Closed Long Low Mature, climax Negative ENERGY FLOW Figure 2.7 Functional components of an agroecosystem. POPULATION REGULATING MECHANISM Crop Populations Natural Plant Population (also true of weeds) Seed brought in by producer Seed produced mostly by local plants High seed viability Uniform seed dispersal Low dormancy, carryover of seed Variable seed viability Non-uniform seed dispersal Possibility of dormancy, delayed germination (carryover) Uniform soils Uniform population age, genetics Variable soil types Diverse population age, genetics Even spacing within species Variable spacing within species High allocation of plant resources to reproduction (seed) Allocation to seed production may be lower NUTRIENT CYCLING NATURAL ECOSYSTEM AGROECOSYSTEM Inputs: Plant residue Animal wastes Animal residue Atmosphere Nitrogen fixation Using the soil as a pool of nutrients: Inputs: Fertilizers Crop residues Atmosphere Nitrogen fixation Outputs: Crops then removal from area Erosion Leaching Run-off www.themegallery.com Outputs: Plants animals grazing on plants Denitrification Run-off leaching Company Logo ASSIGNMENT 1. Cari contoh suatu ekosistem . 2. Tuliskan semua komponen yang ada di dalam komunitas tersebut 3. Jelaskan proses yang terjadi di dalam komunitas tersebut