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Submit by Email Investigation 3: Seismic Waves Print Form Seismologists study seismic waves not only to locate earthquake hypocenters, but also to map the Earth’s interior. Understanding how seismic waves are affected by the material they pass through also helps scientists predict how much damage earthquakes might cause in different areas. Folder 1: Seismic Waves Observations Date of Observations: What are seismic waves? What are body waves? What are surface waves? What are S waves? Materials S waves can travel through: What are P waves? Materials P waves can travel through: What are rocks composed of? What are minerals composed of? What is elasticity? CE3 Field Notebook 35 Module 2: Earthquakes Page 35 Folder 1: Seismic Waves Notes CE3 Field Notebook 36 Module 2: Earthquakes Page 36 Folder 1: Seismic Waves Interpretations In the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, which areas experienced seismic waves of higher amplitude? Claim: Evidence: Reasoning: CE3 Field Notebook 37 Module 2: Earthquakes Page 37 Folder 2: Locating Earthquakes Observations Date of Observations: How many seismograph stations are there worldwide – tens, hundreds, thousands, or tens of thousands? Are the stations randomly distributed? If not, what patterns do you see? What is lag time? Approximate distance per minute of lag time between the arrival of S and P waves: Distance from the Chilean earthquake epicenter to London, England (to the nearest 100 km): Complete the table with information from the three seismic stations. Then create a graph to display the data. Be sure to add x and y scales and label each point (the three stations) on your graph. Station Lag Time (minutes) Distance (km) Paso Flores, Argentina Llaves, New Mexico Tiksi, Russia CE3 Field Notebook 38 Module 2: Earthquakes Page 38 Folder 2: Locating Earthquakes Notes CE3 Field Notebook 39 Module 2: Earthquakes Page 39 Folder 2: Locating Earthquakes Interpretations Using your graph, what would the lag time be between P and S waves at a station in London, England? Claim: Evidence: Reasoning: What could influence the lag time between the arrival of S and P waves, other than distance from the epicenter? Claim: Evidence: Reasoning: CE3 Field Notebook 40 Module 2: Earthquakes Page 40 Folder 3: Exploring Earth’s Interior Observations Mohorovicic reasoned that the increase in speed of seismic waves at a depth of about 50 km meant that the Earth’s upper mantle is denser than the crust. Using the same line of reasoning, answer the following questions: CE3 Field Notebook 41 Module 2: Earthquakes Page 41 Folder 3: Exploring Earth’s Interior Interpretations How hard or dense do you think the asthenosphere is compared with the layers above and below it? Claim: Evidence: Reasoning: Is the lower mantle harder or softer than the upper mantle? Claim: Evidence: Reasoning: CE3 Field Notebook 42 Module 2: Earthquakes Page 42 Folder 3: Exploring Earth’s Interior Interpretations, cont’d Is the outer core liquid or solid? Claim: Evidence: Reasoning: Is the inner core liquid or solid? Claim: Evidence: Reasoning: CE3 Field Notebook 43 Module 2: Earthquakes Page 43 Folder 4: Threat Reduction Notes on Earthquake Tour CE3 Field Notebook 44 Module 2: Earthquakes Page 44 Investigation Summary Why are seismic waves able to move through rock? What is the most destructive type of seismic wave? How are earthquakes located? CE3 Field Notebook 45 Module 2: Earthquakes Page 45 Investigation Summary How do you think temperature changes from the surface to the center of the Earth? Are people in some earthquake prone areas less safe than in others? Explain. What could explain the overlapping distributions of earthquakes and volcanoes? CE3 Field Notebook 46 Module 2: Earthquakes Page 46