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Chapter 6 Learning & Conditioning Learning Learning: the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors • Does NOT include temporary changes due to disease, fatigue, injury, maturation, or drugs, since these do NOT qualify as learning even though they can alter behavior Crash Course Psychology: Episode 11, Learning Classical Conditioning A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. How could the following be examples of CC: Songs? Food? Drug paraphernalia? Flavored medicine? Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Russian physiologist who studied digestion Used dogs to study salivation when dogs were presented with meat powder Reflex: Automatic, non-learned response The Office Altoid Experiment Pavlovian Terms Neutral Stimulus (NS): Stimulus that does not evoke a response Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Stimulus that evokes a response because it has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus (US/UCS): A stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response Pavlovian Terms cont’d Unconditioned Response (UR/UCR): An innate reflex response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus (US/UCS) Conditioned Response (CR): A learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus Classical conditioning apparatus Pavlov’s Dog NS- Bell (because is causes no response before training) CS- Bell (after pairing with meat) UCS- Meat Powder (dog naturally likes) UCR- Salivate (dog salivates at meat- relex) CR- Salivate (dog salivates at bell) Classical Conditioning: More Terminology Trial = pairing of US and CS Acquisition = initial stage in learning, where the NS and US become associated. The NS becomes the CS The new CS evokes the UR Processes in Classical Conditioning Extinction - diminishing of the CR; loss of the learned behavior Spontaneous Recovery - the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR Generalization versus Discrimination Bitten by this Bitten by this Afraid of this Not afraid of this Operant Conditioning Edward L. Thorndike (1913) Law of Effect The probability of a response is altered by the effect it has; responses that lead to desired effects are repeated; those that lead to undesired effects are not B.F. Skinner B.F. Skinner (1953) – principle of reinforcement Operant chamber Commonly referred to as a “Skinner Box” Voluntary Responses Reinforcement contingencies (rules) Big Bang Theory Figure 6.12 Reinforcement in operant conditioning Figure 6.13 Skinner box and cumulative recorder Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning Acquisition Shaping Successive Approximations or baby steps toward goal Extinction Stimulus Control Generalization Discrimination discriminative stimuli: a stimulus that elicits a response after being associated with reinforcement Figure 6.14 A graphic portrayal of operant responding Table 6.1 Comparison of Basic Processes in Classical and Operant Conditioning Reinforcement: Consequences that Strengthen Responses Primary Reinforcers Satisfy biological needs Food, water, warmth, sex, affection Secondary Reinforcers Conditioned reinforcement $, grades, attention, flattery, praise, applause Consequences: Reinforcement and Punishment Increasing a response: Positive reinforcement = response followed by rewarding stimulus Negative reinforcement = response followed by removal of an aversive stimulus Escape learning Avoidance learning Decreasing a response: Punishment Problems with punishment trigger strong emotional responses increase in aggressive behavior Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement: When a response is followed by a reward or other positive event Jon Stewart vs. Arby's Negative Reinforcement: When a response is followed by the removal of an unpleasant event (e.g., the bells in Fannie’s car stop when she puts the seatbelt on); ends discomfort Figure 6.18 Positive reinforcement versus negative reinforcement Punishment Punishment: a consequence that decreases (or attempts to decrease) the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future. Positive punishment: presentation of an aversive stimulus Negative punishment: removal of a rewarding stimulus Punishment Examples Positive Punishment If you stroke a cat's fur in a manner that the cat finds unpleasant, the cat may attempt to bite you. Therefore, the presentation of the cat's bite will act as a positive punisher and decrease the likelihood that you will stroke the cat in that same manner in the future. Negative Punishment When a child "talks back" to his/her mother, the child may lose the privilege of watching her favorite television program. Therefore, the loss of viewing privileges will act as a negative punisher and decrease the likelihood of the child talking back in the future. Figure 6.20 Comparison of negative reinforcement and punishment Positive Reinforcement Getting Money Food Hugs Treats Praise Negative Changing the batteries in smoke detector to make it stop beeping Taking off uncomfortable clothing Tylenol for a headache Punishment Spanking Hitting Yelling Pinching Time-out Grounding No TV No Sex Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement Intermittent (partial) reinforcement Ratio schedules Fixed Variable Interval schedules Fixed Variable Figure 6.17 Schedules of reinforcement and patterns of response Figure 6.19 Escape and avoidance learning Changes in Our Understanding of Conditioning Biological Constraints Instinctive Drift Challenges associated with training an animal away from their DNA instincts Cognitive Influences Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation Mirror Neurons Frontal lobe neurons the are believed to fire when performing an action or observing someone also doing so. Observational Learning: Basic Processes • Albert Bandura (1961) Social learning – Modeling – The Bobo Doll Experiment – The Bobo Doll Experiment Albert Bandura