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The following review is adapted from the
k12 .pa.us website.
BIO.A.1.1
1. Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes
and eukaryotes?
• A) use of cellular respiration for energy
release
• B) ability to move in response to
environmental stimuli
• C) ability to store hereditary information
• (D) use of organelles to control cell
processes
Correct !!
Explanation
C. ability to store hereditary information
The answer is not A because cellular respiration
requires a mitochondria.
The answer is not B because not all cells of either
type have flagella or cilia.
The answer is C because all prokaryotes and eukayotes
contain nucleic acids, which store hereditary info.
The answer is not D because prokaryotes lack most
organelles.
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question
BIO.A.1.2
2. Living organisms can be classified as prokaryotes
or eukaryotes. Which two structures are common to
both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
• A) cell wall and nucleus
• B) cell wall and chloroplast
• C) plasma membrane and nucleus
• D) plasma membrane and cytoplasm
Correct !!
Explanation
• D. plasma membrane
and cytoplasm.
The answer is not A because
not all eukaryotes have a cell
wall (plants do, animals do
not).
The answer is not B because
only plants of the eukaryotes
have cell walls and
chloroplasts – animals have
neither.
The answer is not C because
prokaryotes do not have a
nucleus.
Cytoplasm
Eukaryotic
cells
Prokaryotic
cell
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question
Constructed Response: For the next three
questions, write your answer to the following in
Answer
complete sentences. Then compare your answers
to the one given in the slide following the question.
Prokaryotic cells are generally much smaller
than eukaryotic cells.
A. Identify a structural difference
between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells that is directly related to their
difference in size.
Identify a structural difference between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that
is directly related to their difference
in size.
● Prokaryotic cells contain less genetic
material and lack nuclei.
nucleus
Eukaryotic Cell
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Question
nucleoid
instead of
nucleus
Prokaryotic Cell
Constructed Response: Write your answer to the
following in complete sentences. Then compare
your answers to the one given in the slide
following the question.
B. Based on the
structural difference,
explain why prokaryotic
cells can be much smaller
than eukaryotic cells.
Answer
B. Based on the structural difference, explain
why prokaryotic cells can be much smaller
than eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells are smaller and less
complex than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, they
require less genetic material. This genetic
material is packaged into a plasmid.
Eukaryotic cells require more genetic material,
which they store in multiple chromosomes.
These chromosomes are stored in the nucleus.
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Question
Constructed Response: Write your answer to the
following in complete sentences. Then compare
your answers to the one given in the slide
following the question.
C. Describe one
similarity between
prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells that is
independent of size.
Answer
C. Describe one similarity between prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells that is independent of
size.
● Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both
contain cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell walls, and cell
membranes. None of these are a
function of size.
cytoplasm
ribosome
cell wall
cell membrane
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Question
3. Alveoli are microscopic air sacs in the lungs of
mammals. Which statement best describes how the
structure of the alveoli allows the lungs to function
properly?
• A) They increase the amount of energy
transferred from the lungs to the blood.
• B) They increase the surface area of the
lungs, allowing efficient gas exchange.
• C) They increase the flexibility of the lungs
as they expand during inhalation.
• D) They increase the volume of the lungs,
allowing more oxygen to be inhaled.
Correct !!
Explanation
Answer - B
● A. Incorrect – energy transfer has
nothing to do with the function of alveoli.
B. Correct – the function of the lungs
is in gas exchange, which occurs by
diffusion. The more surface area
between lungs and blood vessels, the
greater the gas exchange.
C. Incorrect – not the primary function of
alveoli.
D. Incorrect – true, but not the best
answer
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Question
Bio.A.2.1
4. Which statement best describes an effect of
the low density of frozen water in a lake?
• A) Water removes thermal energy from the
land around a lake, causing the lake to
freeze.
• B) Water in a lake freezes from the bottom
up, killing most aquatic organisms.
• C) When water freezes, it contracts,
decreasing the water level in a lake.
• D) When water in a lake freezes, it floats,
providing insulation for organisms below.
Correct !!
Explanation
• Answer - D
A. Incorrect – this has nothing to do with the density.
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•
Question
B. Incorrect – water in a lake freezes from the top
down. It would have to be more dense than liquid
water to freeze at the bottom
first.
C. Incorrect – Water expands when it freezes, and this
answer has nothing to do with density.
• D. Correct – water on the top of the lake freezes
first, due to the low density of frozen water. This
allows the water underneath to remain liquid. This
allows aquatic organisms to live through the
winter.
.
5. Which statement correctly describes how
BIO.A.2.2
carbon’s ability to form four bonds makes it
uniquely suited to form macromolecules?
• A) It forms short, simple carbon chains.
• B) It forms covalent bonds with other
carbon atoms.
• C) It forms covalent bonds that can exist in
a single plane.
• D) It forms large, complex, diverse
molecules.
Correct !!
Explanation
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Question
Answer - B
A. Incorrect – macromolecules are large, this gives no insight into the
ability of carbon to form large molecules.
B. Correct – the ability of carbon to bond with itself and other
elements is what allows it to form macromolecules.
C. Incorrect – this has nothing to do with macromolecule formation
D. Incorrect – this is true, but doesn’t describe how it forms large
molecules
Carbohydrates and proteins are two types of
macromolecules. Which functional characteristic of
proteins distinguishes them from carbohydrates.
BIO.A.2.2
• A) Large amount of stored information
• B) Ability to catalyze biochemical reactions
• C) Efficient storage of usable chemical
energy
• D) . Tendency to make cell membranes
hydrophobic
Correct !!
Explanation
• Answer - B
• A. Incorrect – this is a characteristic
of nucleic acids.
• B. Correct – carbohydrates are
unable to catalyze reactions.
• C. Incorrect – carbohydrates have
efficient storage of chemical energy
• D. Incorrect – this is a characteristic
of lipids.
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question
• Answer - B
• A. Incorrect – this is a characteristic
of nucleic acids.
• B. Correct – carbohydrates are
unable to catalyze reactions.
• C. Incorrect – carbohydrates have
efficient storage of chemical energy
• D. Incorrect – this is a characteristic
of lipids.
Use this
Information
for the next
question
A researcher noticed that a similar CH2 molecular structure was
also located in the plasma membrane of an animal cell. The CH2
molecular structure contained a negatively charged phosphate
groups. Which statement BEST describes the primary function
of the CH2 and phosphate molecular structure located in the
plasma membrane?
• A. It contains the genetic information needed for protein
production.
• B. It allows the energy that a cell needs to perform various
life processes.
• C. It allows a cell to regulate the movement of materials
into and out of a cell.
• D. It catalyzes specific chemical reactions in the cytoplasm
of a cell.
Correct !!
Explanation
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Question
• Answer - C
A. Incorrect – The molecule described does
not indicate DNA.
B. Incorrect – the molecule described does
not indication an ATP molecule.
C. Correct – the molecule described is a
phospholipid located in the plasma
membrane that helps regulate the
movement of materials into and out
of a cell.
D. Incorrect - The molecule described does
not indicate an enzyme.
Which type of organic molecule
was MOST LIKELY formed by
the scientist in the laboratory?
A. Lipid
B. Protein
C. Carbohydrate
D. Nucleic acid
Correct !!
Explanation
Answer - A
A. Correct – most lipids have long
hydrocarbon chains as the main
component of their structures. The
molecule describes also contains a
phosphate group, indicating a
phospholipid.
B. Incorrect – Proteins are made of amino acids
C. Incorrect – Nucleic acids are made of
nucleotides
D. Incorrect – carbohydrate molecules are
made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in
a specific ratio.
Next
Question
Constructed Response: For the next three
questions, write your answer to the following in
Answer
complete sentences. Then compare your answers
to the one given in the slide following the question.
Proteins are a major part of every living cell
and have many functions within each cell.
Carbohydrates also perform multiple roles in
living things.
A. Describe the general composition of a
protein molecule.
A. Describe the general composition of a
protein molecule.
● Proteins consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
and nitrogen. These elements are combined to
form over 20 different amino acids. These
amino acids are then manipulated into four
different levels of protein structure.
(a) represents the structural formula of the simplest
amino acid (glycine).
(b) represents the structural formula of a
generalized amino acid. R represents the side chain
which has numerous possible sequences.
Next
Question
Constructed Response: Write your answer to the
following in complete sentences. Then compare
your answers to the one given in the slide
following the question.
Answer
B. Describe how the structures of proteins
differ from the structures of carbohydrates.
B. Describe how the structures of proteins differ
from the structures of carbohydrates.
● Proteins contain nitrogen, while carbohydrates
do not. The elements in carbohydrates are used to
create ring-shaped monosaccharides, which are
then strung together into di- and polysaccharides.
There are only three different monosaccharides.
Proteins contain over 20 monomer units, the amino
acid. Their four-level structure also makes them
more complex.
carbohydrate
protein
Next
Question
Constructed Response: Write your answer to the
following in complete sentences. Then compare
your answers to the one given in the slide
following the question.
Answer
C. Describe how the functions of proteins
differ from the functions of carbohydrates.
C. Describe how the functions of proteins differ
from the functions of carbohydrates.
● Due to their complex structure, proteins have a
huge variety of function. Examples include:
immune response, catalysts, clotting, membrane
structure, transport, etc. Carbohydrates have a
more simplistic structure and are used primarily for
energy and structure.
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Question
BIO A.2.3
Substance A is converted to substance B in
ametabolic reaction. Which statement
BEST describes the roles of an enzyme
during this reaction?
A. It adjusts the pH of the reaction medium.
B. It provides energy to carry out the
reaction.
C. It dissolves substance A in the reaction
medium.
D. It speeds up the reaction without being
consumed.
Correct !!
Explanation
Answer – D
A. Incorrect – pH is not relevant to converting
the substance.
B. Incorrect – enzymes do not actually
provide energy for reactions.
C. Incorrect – enzymes do not dissolve
substances.
D. Correct – enzymes speed up the rate
of chemical reactions by lowering the
activation energy needed to start the
reaction. Enzymes are not used up
by this, and can be reused.
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Question
A scientist observes that, when the pH of the
environment surrounding an enzyme is
changed, the rate the enzyme catalyzes a
reaction greatly decreases. Which statement
BEST describes how a change in pH can affect
an enzyme?
A. A pH change can cause the enzyme to
change its shape.
B. A pH change can remove energy necessary
to activate an enzyme.
C. A pH change can add new molecules to the
structure of the enzyme.
D. A pH change can cause an enzyme to react
with a different substrate.
Correct !!
Explanation
• Answer - A
A. Correct – enzymes are substrate-specific
due to the shape of their active sites.
Changes in pH, temperature causes the
proteins that make-up the enzyme to
denature. This changes their shape and
prevents them from catalyzing reactions.
B. Incorrect – enzymes do not actually provide
energy for the reaction.
C. Incorrect – pH change does not add molecules
to the enzyme
D. Incorrect – a denatured enzyme will not react next
with anything.
question
The diagram models how a poison bonds to the
active site of an enzyme. Which function is the
enzyme MOST LIKELY usable to perform
because of the attachment of the poison
molecule?
poison
molecule
• A. The release of stored
chemical energy.
enzyme
• B. The donation of electrons to the substrate
• C. The supply of activation energy for a
reaction.
• D. The catalysis of the reaction with the
substrate.
Correct !!
Explanation
Answer - D
A. Incorrect - Release of any chemical energy comes
from the substrate and not from the enzyme.
B. Incorrect - Enzymes do not donate electrons to the
substrate.
C. Incorrect – Enzymes lower the activation energy
needed for the chemical reaction to occur.
D. Correct – Most enzymes react with only one
reactant, so when a poison blocks the active site,
the enzyme can no longer bond with the
substrate, causing the chemical reaction to stop.
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question
Correct !!
Explanation
• Answer - D
A. Incorrect – an enzyme is not consumed during the
chemical reaction.
B. Incorrect – the enzyme does not have the ability to
decrease the rate of a reactions; the rate of reaction is
affected by temperature, pH, concentration, etc.
C. Incorrect – The graph illustrates that enzyme activity
decreases as the temperature increases beyond 40
degrees.
D. Correct – enzymes have an optimum temperature
range at which they function; when the
temperature exceeds that range, the enzyme will
denature, causing it to change shape and no longer next
be able to bind to the substrate.
question
BIO.A.3.1
Using a microscope, a student observes a small,
green organelle in a plant cell. Which energy
transformation MOST LIKELY occurs first
within the observed organelle?
• A. ATP to light
• B. Light to chemical
• C. Heat to electrical
• D. Chemical to chemical
Correct !!
Explanation
Answer - B
A. Incorrect – chloroplasts make ATP to
use during photosynthesis using light
energy
B. Correct – chloroplasts use light energy
to create chemical energy in the form
of glucose.
C. Incorrect – heat energy is not a part of
photosynthesis
D. Incorrect – the energy coming in to
photosynthesis is light energy.
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question
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are
two major processes of carbon cycling in
living organisms. Which statement correctly
describes one similarity between
photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
A. Both occur in animal and plant cells.
B. Both include reactions that transform
energy.
C. Both convert light energy into chemical
energy.
D. Both synthesize organic molecules as
end
products.
BIO.A.3.2
Correct !!
Explanation
Answer - B
A. Incorrect - Photosynthesis does not occur
in animals.
B. Correct – Photosynthesis transforms the
energy in sunlight into chemical energy in
glucose. Cellular respiration transforms
the energy in glucose into ATP.
C. Incorrect - Cellular respiration does not
convert light energy into chemical energy.
D. Incorrect – ATP is not an organic
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question
molecule.
BIO.A.3.2
A protein in a cell membrane changed
its shape to move sodium and potassium
ions against their concentration
gradients. Which molecule was most
likely used by the protein as an energy
source?
A. ATP
B. ADP
C. Catalase
D. Amylase
Correct !!
Explanation
Answer - A
A. Correct - ATP is used to power active
transport.
B. Incorrect - ADP is an de-energized
molecule
C. Incorrect – catalase catalyzes the reaction
breaking down hydrogen peroxide into
water and oxygen.
D. Incorrect – amylase catalyzes the reaction
breaking down amylase for digestion.
next
question
Constructed Response: For the next two questions,
write your answer to the following in complete
Answer
sentences. Then compare your answers to the one
given in the slide following the question.
Energy in
Energy in
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Energy out
Energy out
A. Describe the energy changes occurring in
each process.
A. Describe the energy changes occurring in
each process.
● Photosynthesis transforms light energy into
chemical energy. Photosynthesis uses the
energy of sunlight to make sugars.
● Cellular respiration transforms the chemical
energy in glucose into chemical energy in ATP.
Next
Question
Constructed Response: Write your answer to the
following in complete sentences. Then compare
your answers to the one given in the slide
following the question.
Energy in
Energy in
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Answer
Energy out
Energy out
B. Describe how energy transformations
involved in photosynthesis are related to
energy transformations involved in cellular
respiration.
B. Describe the energy changes occurring in
each process.
•Cellular respiration takes the energy stored in
glucose and converts it into ATP. ATP is used to
run cell activities. The glucose used in cellular
respiration comes from photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis converts the light energy into
chemical energy; cellular respiration converts
this chemical energy into a more usable form
for the cell.
Next
Question
BIO.A.4.1
Which component of this membrane contains a
hydrophobic region and acts as the primary barrier to
MOST foreign substances?
•
•
•
•
A) Phospholipid bilayer
B) Cholestrol
C) Carbohydrate chain
D) Protein
Correct !!
Explanation
Answer - D
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A. Incorrect - The function of the proteins in
Question
a plasma membrane is transport.
B. Incorrect – Cholesterol makes the membrane
more rigid, decreasing permeability and
preventing phase shifts.
C. Incorrect – carbohydrate chains function
as markers.
D. Correct – phospholipids are composed of
hydrophobic tails, which makes the
membrane impermeable to most hydrophilic
substances
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are molecules that
can move freely across a plasma membrane.
What determines the direction that carbon
dioxide and oxygen molecules move?
• A. Orientation of cholesterol in the plasma
membrane.
• B. Concentration gradient across the plasma
membrane.
• C. Configuration of phospholipids in the
plasma membrane.
• D. Location of receptors on the surface of
the plasma membrane.
Correct !!
Explanation
Answer: B
A. Incorrect – cholesterol is not involved in
transport
B. Correct – molecules diffuse down the
concentration gradient, from high to
low concentration.
C. Incorrect – The phospholipids in the
membrane are configured in an identical
fashion on both sides.
D. Incorrect – Receptors are not involved
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in the transport of carbon dioxide and
question
oxygen.
A sodium-potassium pump within a cell membrane
requires energy to move a sodium and potassium ions
into or out of a cell. The movement of glucose into or
out of a cell does not require energy. Which statement
BEST describes the movement of these materials
across a cell membrane?
• A. Sodium and potassium ions move by active
transport, and glucose moves by osmosis.
• B. Sodium and potassium ions move by active
transport, and glucose moves by facilitated diffusion.
• C. Sodium and potassium ions move by facilitated
diffusion, and glucose moves by osmosis.
• D. Sodium and potassium ions move by facilitated
diffusion, and glucose moves by active transport.
Correct !!
Explanation
Answer: B
A. Incorrect – osmosis moves water
B. Correct – sodium and potassium require
energy, which is active transport. Glucose
moves without energy, which is a form of
passive transport. Glucose is large, therefore
requires facilitated diffusion.
C. Incorrect – facilitated diffusion does not
require energy, osmosis is the diffusion of
water.
D. Incorrect – facilitated diffusion does not
require energy, active transport does require next
question
energy.
Constructed Response: For the next three
questions, write your answer to the following in
complete sentences. Then compare your answers
to the one given in the slide following the question.
Answer
Some animals can produce a potassium ion
concentration inside their cells that is twenty times
greater than that of their environment. This ion
concentration gradient is maintained by the plasma
membrane.
A. Identify the process in the cell membrane that
produces this difference in concentration.
A. Identify the process in the cell membrane
that produces this difference in concentration.
● This difference is created by active transport.
You can identify this because in passive
transport, molecules move across the
membrane until the concentration on each side
of the membrane is equal.
Next
Question
Constructed Response: Write your answer to the
following in complete sentences. Then compare
your answer to the one given in the slide following
the question.
Answer
Some animals can produce a potassium ion
concentration inside their cells that is twenty times
greater than that of their environment. This ion
concentration gradient is maintained by the plasma
membrane.
B. Explain the process that occurs as the cell
produces the ion concentration gradient.
B. Explain the process that occurs as the cell
produces the ion concentration gradient.
● The cell uses the energy from ATP to pump
potassium ions into their cells. Special pumps
within the cell membrane are used to perform
this process. The ATP provides the energy to
open and close these pumps.
Next
Question
Constructed Response: Write your answer to the
following in complete sentences. Then compare
your answer to the one given in the slide following
the question.
C. Compare the process of potassium ion transport
to another mechanism that moves material across
the plasma membrane.
Answer
C. Compare the process of potassium ion
transport to another mechanism that moves
material across the plasma membrane.
● Active transport can be compared to
facilitated diffusion. Both process require the
use of specialized protein channels to transport
substance across the plasma membrane. Unlike
active transport, facilitated diffusion does not
require energy.
Active transport
Facilitated Diffusion
Next
Question
The rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi
apparatus work together in eukaryotic cells. What
is one way that the rough endoplasmic reticulum
assists the Golgi apparatus?
A. It assembles nucleic acids from monomers.
B. It breaks down old, damaged macromolecules.
C. It packages new protein molecules into
vesicles.
D. It determines which protein molecules to
synthesize.
Correct !!
Explanation
Answer - C
A. Incorrect – the ER does not assemble
nucleic acids.
B. Incorrect – lysosomes break down
old, damaged molecules.
C. Correct – the ER packages proteins
into vesicles in order to transport
them to the golgi, where they are
modified.
• D. Incorrect – the ER is involved in
protein synthesis, but the needs of the
cell determine which proteins are
synthesized.
next
question
Which example is an activity that a fish BIO.A.4.2
MOST LIKELY uses to maintain
homeostasis within its body?
● A. Using camouflage to avoid predators.
● B. Feeding at night to regulate body
temperature.
● C. Moving to deeper water to regulate
metabolic wastes.
● D. Exchanging gases through its gills to
regulate oxygen levels.
Correct !!
Explanation
Answer - D
A. Incorrect – predator avoidance is not a part
of homeostasis, which deals with internal
balance.
B. Incorrect – a fish needs to regulate body
temperature at all times, regardless of
whether it is feeding.
C. Incorrect – deeper water will not help
regulate metabolic wastes.
D. Correct – fish exchange oxygen and
carbon dioxide between their bodies andnext
question
the water in order to maintain
appropriate oxygen levels.
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