Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Belongingness wikipedia , lookup
James M. Honeycutt wikipedia , lookup
Albert Bandura wikipedia , lookup
False consensus effect wikipedia , lookup
Social dilemma wikipedia , lookup
Social tuning wikipedia , lookup
Self-categorization theory wikipedia , lookup
Group dynamics wikipedia , lookup
SOCIOLOGY 12 Social Deviance WHAT IS SOCIAL DEVIANCE Brainstorm as many examples of deviance you can think of. The Definition for Deviance is… WHAT IS DEVIANCE.. The word deviance refers to any violation of society’s norms. Deviance can range from something minor, such as picking your nose in public, to something major, such as murder. DEVIANCE IS RELATIVE WHAT IS SOCIAL DEVIANCE CON’T Each society defines what is deviant and what is not definitions of deviance differ widely between societies Deviance is relative because it is socially defined RELATIVISM & DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR What is considered deviant behaviour is based on: Individual Societies Location Age Gender Social Status INDIVIDUAL SOCIETIES We have examined lots of examples of this as you have completed your videos In Canada, customers in department stores do not try to negotiate prices or barter for goods. In some other countries, people understand that one should haggle over the price of an item; not to do so is considered deviant. LOCATION A person speaking loudly during a church service would probably be considered deviant, whereas a person speaking loudly at a party would not. Society generally regards taking the life of another person to be a deviant act, but during wartime, killing another person is not considered deviant. Other examples? AGE A newborn baby or even a four-year-old can cry in a supermarket without being considered deviant, but an older child, adolescent or an adult cannot. More examples? SOCIAL STATUS A famous actor can skip to the front of a long line of people waiting to get into a popular club, but a non-famous person would be considered deviant for trying to do the same. GENDER Given the definition of deviance… Do you think that there is a difference in deviant perspectives between genders? Examples? In Canada, women who cry in public in response to emotional situations are not generally considered deviant—even women who cry frequently and easily. GENDER & DEVIANCE CON’T Is this different from men? Not so much anymore, men crying in public in the 1950s would have been considered a deviant behaviour. However, men now are shown in public to cry in extreme situations such as admitting defeat (politicians, and athletes, as well as accepting awards) DEFINITION OF WHAT IS DEVIANT CONTINUALLY CHANGES What is “deviant” may change over time For example: Men crying in public Women being the “bread winners” Several hundred “witches” were executed in Europe during the middle ages; now the crime doesn’t exist Racist comments used to be socially accepted Tattoos and piercing are now common among students Smoking in restaurants was accepted Even drinking and driving was more socially acceptable – even though it was always illegal IN CONCLUSION Deviance is socially defined therefore what is considered a deviant act is relative Acceptable behaviour varies depending on the society you are in Acceptable behaviour is also relative to your location, age, gender, and social status What is considered acceptable and unacceptable behaviour can change over a period time Deviant behaviour also varies in its degree of seriousness ranges from mild transgressions of folkways (keeping a library book past its due date or skipping class), to more serious infringement of folkways (cheating on an exam), to quite serious violation of laws. Later we will dig deeper into serious violation of laws - CRIMES DEVIANT TRAITS A person does not need to act in a deviant manner in order to be considered deviant. Sometimes people are considered deviant because of a trait or a characteristic they possess Sociologist Erving Goffman used the term stigma to identify deviant characteristics DEVIANT TRAITS CON’T What do you think some examples of deviant traits would be, given the description on the previous slide. Violations of the norms of physical ability or appearance. For example, people who are confined to wheelchairs or who have IQs over 140 are deviant because they do not represent the usual behaviors or characteristics of most people Pop Quiz: How many of you were thinking only negative context? SOCIAL CONTROL & SOCIAL DEVIANCE Punishing people for deviant behavior reminds people what is expected of them and what will happen if they do not conform to society’s norms. Every society has methods of social control. Positive & Negative Sanctions! (Remember?!) POSITIVE SANCTIONS Society uses positive sanctions to reward people for following norms. Positive sanctions can be formal, such as an award or a raise. They can also be informal and include words, gestures, or facial expressions. Example: The smile that a mother gives her child when he says “thank you” is a positive sanction. Unintended Positive Sanctions. NEGATIVE SANCTIONS Like positive sanctions, negative sanctions can range from formal to informal. Example: A speeding ticket or a prison sentence is a formal negative sanction. A raised eyebrow or a stare is an informal negative sanction. PERSPECTIVES ON CRIME AND DEVIANCE Page 201 INTRODUCTION Each perspective focuses on the role social groups play in creating deviance Each theory is quite different and no one theory provides a comprehensive explanation of deviance However, each contributes in its own way to our understanding of deviance The theories can be seen as complemntary FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE Previously we have learned that according to this perspective, society is composed of interrelated parts, each serving a function. STRAIN TEHORY STRAIN THEORY - ROBERT MERTON In a smoothly functioning society – people share common goals and agree upon the means to reach those goals = limited deviance Societies that do not provide sufficient avenues to reach goals result in deviance because people will use whatever means to reach their goals Strain Theory – people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they don’t have culturally approved means to attain them. STRAIN THEORY CON’T… For example: The goal may be to obtain possession and money The approved way to achieve this goal is through education and a good job. When denied access to these goals they may seek access through deviant means. Summary - http://study.com/academy/lesson/mertonsstrain-theory-definition-examples-quiz.html Read about smuggling illegal cigarettes in Canada on page 201 to 202 OPPORTUNITY THEORY OPPORTUNITY THEORY Expanding on Merton’s theory, Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin suggest: For deviance to occur, people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures – circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegal activities what they cannot get through legal channels. For example – Akwesasne and an East Coast youth group (read page 203) OPPORTUNITY THEORY CON’T There are 3 different forms of delinquent subculture based on the type of illegitimate opportunities available within an area: Criminal Conflict Retreatist CRIMINAL SUBCULTURE Focus is on economic gain through acts such as theft, extortion and drug dealing Example: for young people who grow up in the gang subculture, running a drug house and selling drugs becomes a source of illegitimate opportunity Using money from this “job”, they can support themselves and their family CONFLICT SUBCULTURE When illigitimate RETREATIST SUBCULTURE Those who lack the opportunity or ability to join one of these groups/ gangs may turn to retreatist forms of deviance such as drinking and drug abuse CONTROL THEORY SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST We have previously learned… Symbolic interactionist focus on how people develop a self-concept and learn conformity through socialization It is also their view that deviance is learned DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY Edwin Sutherland focused on how deviance is learned and developed his theory of differential association According to this theory, people are more likely to be deviant when they have intense and long-lasting interactation with deviant people For an example, see page 205 and 206 LABELLING THEORY Howard Becker developed the labeling theory deviance is that which is so labeled. No status or behavior is inherently deviant until other people have judged it and labeled it deviant. See William Chambliss example on page 206 LABELLING THEORY - PRIMARY & SECONDARY DEVIANCE Sociologist Edwin Lemert differentiated between primary deviance and secondary deviance. The difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance is in the reactions other people have to the original act of deviance. SYMBOLIC: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CON’T Primary deviance is a deviant act that provokes little reaction and has limited effect on a person’s self-esteem. The deviant does not change his or her behavior as a result of this act. SYMBOLIC: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CON’T Secondary deviance includes repeated deviant behavior that is brought on by other people’s negative reactions to the original act of primary deviance. CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE SOCIAL DEVIANCE: SYMBOLIC: GANG EXAMPLE Example: In a gang environment, current gang members resocialize new members to norms that oppose those of the dominant culture. From the gang, these new members learn that stealing, carrying a gun, and using drugs are acceptable behaviors, whereas they were not before. In the meantime, the norms they learned at home are no longer acceptable within the gang environment, and they must reject those norms and values to accept the new ones. Current gang members also teach new members how to commit specific deviant acts, such as hotwiring a car or breaking into a home. SOCIAL DEVIANCE: SYMBOLIC: SOCIAL CONTROL Sociologist Walter Reckless developed the control theory to explain how some people resist the pressure to become deviants. According to control theory, people have two control systems that work against their desire to deviate. Each person has a set of inner controls and outer controls. SOCIAL DEVIANCE: SOCIAL CONTROL Inner controls are internalized thought processes such as a sense of morality, conscience, or religious beliefs. People may also refrain from doing acts of deviance because they fear punishment or guilt. Inner controls represent a sort of internalized morality. SOCIAL DEVIANCE: SOCIAL CONTROL Outer controls consist of the people in our lives who encourage us not to stray. They could be family members, police officers, clergy, or teachers. Whoever they are, they influence us to conform to society’s expectations. A person who is tempted to engage in a deviant act can resist the temptation by imagining how others would react to his or her behavior. SOCIAL CONTROL (PS- AWESOME SHORT ANSWER QUESTION) With a partner, or small group discuss Reckless’ theory of social controls, which do you feel is more important? Inner control or outer controls? SOCIAL DEVIANCE: EXTENDED CONTROL THEORY Sociologist Travis Hirschi elaborated on the control theory. He identified four elements that would render an individual more or less likely to commit deviance: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. SOCIAL DEVIANCE: HIRSCHI Attachment: People who feel a strong attachment to other people, such as family or close friends, are less likely to be deviant. If people have weak relationships, they feel less need to conform to the other person’s or group’s norms. They are more likely to commit a deviant act. SOCIAL DEVIANCE: HIRSCHI Commitment: Individuals who have a sincere commitment to legitimate goals are more likely to conform to society’s norms. Those goals could be a legitimate job, higher education, financial stability, or a long-term relationship. When people have little confidence in the future, they are more likely to engage in deviance. SOCIAL DEVIANCE: HIRSCHI Involvement: The more involved people are with legitimate activities, the less likely they are to deviate from appropriate behavior. A person with a job, a family, and membership in several clubs or organizations is less likely to commit deviance. Not only does he not have time to waste in potentially harmful activities, but he has a lot to lose if he does. SOCIAL DEVIANCE: HIRSCHI Belief: An individual who shares the same values as the dominant society, such as respect for authority, the importance of hard work, or the primacy of the family, is less likely to commit deviance. Individuals whose personal belief systems differ from those of the dominant society are more likely to commit deviance. SOCIAL DEVIANCE: HIRSCHI With your partner from before, discuss the change from Reckless’ theory to Hirachi’s expansion. What do you feel is the most important of Hirachi’s elements of control theory? Do you think Hirachi’s theory is better than that of Reckless’? DEVIANT BEHAVIOR: SERIAL KILLERS.. http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/Seri al%20Killers.pdf CRIMES Crime is a form of deviance that we will focus upon. Crime – is an act that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms and other sanctions. Range from minor offenses (running an illegal bingo game or disorderly conduct) to Major offense (sexual assault or murder) Sociologists adopt a unique approach to crime, focusing in particular on factors that contribute to its occurrence in an effort to reduce its harmful impact on society. Sociologist analysis of street crimes and criminals is particularly relevant in achieving this goal. Sociologists are also interested in assessing society’s response (past and present) to crime and criminals. The following are questions sociologists explore in an effort to improve our response to the challenges that deviance poses to our society: How have formal structures such as the police and justice system responded to the problem of crime in the past? How effective have these responses been? What recent alternatives have been adopted in an effort to improve our response to crime? Do these new approaches hold more promise than the traditional responses?