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Transcript
WHS AP Psychology Unit 5: Learning (Behaviorism) Essential Task 5-1: Distinguish general differences between principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. Learning The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior We are here Classical Conditioning The type of learning in which a response naturally elicited by one stimulus becomes to be elicited by a different formally neutral stimulus Operant Conditioning The type of learning in which behaviors are emitted to earn rewards or avoid punishments Social Cognitive Learning Theory The type of learning in which behaviors are learned by observing a model Pavlov and Watson B.F. Skinner Albert Bandura UCS, UCR, CS, CR Reinforcement and Punishment Modeling and Vicarious Learning Essential Task 5-1: Outline • 3 Types of Learning – Classical Conditioning • Definition • Key Terms • Key Psychologists – Operate Conditioning • Definition • Key Terms • Key Psychologists – Social Cognitive Learning Theory • Definition • Key Terms • Key Psychologists Classical Conditioning • Book definition: The type of learning in which a response naturally elicited by one stimulus becomes to be elicited by a different formally neutral stimulus. • Working definition: – – – – Outline Type of learning that happens TO someone Person learns to respond to a stimulus. Previously the stimulus meant nothing. Now it means something IS ABOUT TO HAPPEN. Examples of Classical Conditioning Phobias After the attacks, cats become a warning stimulus for pain causing fear when the child sees cats. After this botched photo, 6 ft bunny becomes warning stimulus for someone trying to capture you. Examples of Classical Conditioning Taste Aversion After throwing up a food, it becomes a warning stimulus for getting sick. Examples of Classical Conditioning Using Sex to Sell Advertisers pair their product with sexual imagery hoping that the product will become a ‘promising stimulus’ for sexual arousal. Hopefully this connection makes you grab their product off the self . Examples of Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning Key Terms • Unconditioned Stimulus (US) – An event that leads to a certain, predictable response. Usually without training. • Unconditioned Response (UR) – reaction that occurs naturally and automatically when a stimulus is presented, reflect – Ex. Food normally causes salivation- food is stimulus and salivation is response • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – ordinarily neutral event • Conditioned Response (CR) – After conditioning, the response is learned. – Ex. Teaching a do that when the bell rings he will get food and therefore he salivates. Bell is the stimulus and response is the salivation. Key Psychologists • Ivan Pavlov Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning. Key Psychologists • John B. Watson Operant Conditioning • Book definition: The type of learning in which behaviors are emitted to earn rewards or avoid punishments • Working definition: – Type of learning that happens BECAUSE SOMEONE OPERATES ON THE ENVIRONMENT – You learn to do things to earn rewards and to avoid punishment Examples of operant conditioning Working You go to work to get rewarded by a paycheck Examples of operant conditioning Coming home by curfew You come home by curfew to avoid getting yelled at. Examples of operant conditioning Superstitious Behavior You do things you know have no real impact on reality because that one time you did it, the team won. Examples of operant conditioning Going to school. You take challenging courses, do lots of work so that you can. . . ? Key Terms in Operant Conditioning • Reinforcer – A stimulus or event that follows a behavior and makes that behavior more likely to occur again – Two types (positive and negative) • Punisher – A stimulus or event that follows a behavior and makes that behavior less likely to occur again Key Psychologist • B.F. Skinner Social Cognitive Learning Theory • Book definition: The type of learning in which behaviors are learned by observing a model • Working definition: – Type of learning that happens just by watching. Outline Examples of Social Cognitive Learning Theory Video Games By watching hours of people shoot each other, gamers learn more aggressive behaviors. Examples of Social Cognitive Learning Theory Gender Roles By watching parents and society, we learn our gender roles.