Download Chapter 4

Introduction to Psychology 2e
Chapter 4
#4
Tick
Answer
Question
Which of the following is most likely to be of interest to a
behavioural psychologist?
a) How one thinks about the environment
b) How one feels about the environment
c) How one acts upon the environment
d) How one perceives the environment
1.
c
2.
d
A behavioural psychologist would NOT be interested in which of the
following events?
a) A gambler at a casino playing a slot-machine
b) A superstitious student that taps their pen after each question
answered
c) A child throwing a temper tantrum to get its own way
d) A smoker craving their next cigarette
3.
c
Which of the following would NOT be regarded as an example of a
learned behaviour?
a) Speaking a language
b) Walking
c) Sleeping
d) Drinking from a mug
4.
d
Which of the following would you associate with classical
conditioning?
a) BF Skinner
b) BL Thorndike
c) Sigmund Freud
d) Ivan Pavlov
5.
a
Turning on a bright light in a dark room causes your pupils to
constrict. If this event is paired repeatedly with the sounding of a
chime what will occur?
a) The sounding of the chime will cause your pupils to constrict
b) Switching on the light will cause you to think that you hear a chime
c) A loud chime will cause your ear canal to constrict
d) The sounding of the chime cannot have an effect on your eyes
because it is an auditory signal
Introduction to Psychology 2e
Lecturer Support Material
ISBN: 9781919895024
© Juta and Company Limited, 2012
1
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
a) Learning to navigate your way around a new building
b) Being too afraid to do a bungee jump
c) Experiencing joy when hearing music that reminds you of a loved
one
d) Coming home on time to avoid being scolded by angry parents
6.
c
7.
c
If reading a recipe book always makes my mouth water, the recipe
book is what?
a) The unconditioned stimulus
b) The conditioned response
c) The conditioned stimulus
d) The neutral stimulus
8.
d
The smell of freshly ground coffee always reminds me of my summer
holiday in Brazil. What is the conditioned response in the above
scenario?
a) The smell of freshly ground coffee
b) The holiday in Brazil
c) Summer holidays
d) The memory of my holiday in Brazil
9.
a
10.
b
Introduction to Psychology 2e
Lecturer Support Material
Which of the following types of classical conditioning produces the
strongest conditioning effect?
a) Delayed conditioning
b) Backward conditioning
c) Simultaneous conditioning
d) Trace conditioning
What is the procedure during trace conditioning?
a) The neutral and unconditioned stimuli are presented together
b) The neutral stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus but is
terminated before its onset
c) The unconditioned stimulus is presented first followed by the
neutral stimulus
d) The onset of the neutral stimulus precedes the unconditioned
stimulus but continues while the unconditioned stimulus is being
presented
ISBN: 9781919895024
© Juta and Company Limited, 2012
2
11.
d
Which of the following conditioning procedures is likely to have the
weakest conditioning effect?
a) The neutral stimulus is presented immediately before and after the
unconditioned stimulus
b) The onset of the neutral stimulus precedes the unconditioned
stimulus but continues while the unconditioned stimulus is being
presented
c) The neutral stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus but is
terminated before its onset
d) The unconditioned stimulus is presented first followed by the
neutral stimulus
12.
b
My mother would always whistle to the family to indicate that
supper was ready. For the first few weeks after leaving home,
whenever somebody whistled I would feel hungry but after a few
months away from home it no longer occurred. This is an example
of?
a) Spontaneous recovery
b) Extinction
c) Stimulus generalisation
d) Stimulus discrimination
13.
c
Which of the following statements best describes the notion of
spontaneous recovery?
a) The sudden appearance of a conditioned response following a long
period of extinction
b) The reappearance of a conditioned stimulus eliciting a conditioned
response following a latent period without the conditioned
stimulus
c) The reappearance of a conditioned response following a brief
period of extinction
d) The sudden reappearance of the unconditioned stimulus paired
with the conditioned stimulus following a long period nonassociation
Introduction to Psychology 2e
Lecturer Support Material
ISBN: 9781919895024
© Juta and Company Limited, 2012
3
Little Albert has been conditioned to be afraid of white rats but he
also shows fear when presented with a white rabbit, this is an
example of what?
a) Stimulus generalisation
b) Higher order conditioning
c) Stimulus discrimination
d) Spontaneous recovery
14.
a
15.
c
Little Albert has been conditioned to be afraid of white rats. He used
to also show fear of white rabbits but has now overcome that fear
but he has yet to overcome the fear of white rats. This is an example
of what?
a) Higher order conditioning
b) Stimulus generalisation
c) Stimulus discrimination
d) Counter conditioning
16.
d
Pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to create a
conditioned response to the neutral stimulus is also known
specifically as what?
a) Counter conditioning
b) Classical conditioning
c) Contiguous conditioning
d) Higher order conditioning
17.
d
A bell is paired with food so that salivation, which results from the
presentation of food, will result with the presentation of a bell.
Subsequently a light is paired with the bell so that the presentation
of the light begins to elicit salivation. In that scenario, what can the
bell be described as?
a) The conditioned response
b) The second conditioned stimulus
c) The unconditioned stimulus
d) The first conditioned stimulus
18.
b
A bell is paired with food so that salivation, which results from the
presentation of food, will result with the presentation of a bell.
Subsequently a light is paired with the bell so that the presentation
of the light begins to elicit salivation. In that scenario, what can the
light be described as?
a) The first conditioned stimulus
b) The second conditioned stimulus
c) The unconditioned stimulus
d) None of the above
Introduction to Psychology 2e
Lecturer Support Material
ISBN: 9781919895024
© Juta and Company Limited, 2012
4
What is a weakness of the stimulus substitution theory of how
learning occurs with classical conditioning?
a) The theory is too simplistic in its formulation
b) The theory is limited because it assumes stimulus and response
contiguity
c) Second-order conditioning cannot adequately be explained using
the substitution theory
d) Empirical findings contradict one of the theory’s central tenets
19.
d
20.
c
The notion of preparedness gives evidence that goes against which
theoretical explanation of how learning occurs by classical
conditioning?
a) Stimulus substitution theory
b) Information theory
c) Contiguity hypothesis
d) Biological theory
21.
d
Which of the following gives the best description of the notion of
preparedness?
a) The state of aroused readiness to receive a conditioned stimulus
b) The tendency to associate sensory cues with unpleasant responses
c) The degree of expectation of the subject that the unconditioned
stimulus will be paired with the conditioned stimulus
d) The biological predisposition to associate some combinations of
stimuli more readily than others
22.
b
Taste aversion studies helped to support the theoretical postulates
of which theory of how learning is achieved through classical
conditioning?
a) Stimulus substitution theory
b) Information theory
c) Contiguity hypothesis
d) Biological theory
23.
a
Which of the following is NOT associated with classical conditioning?
a) Token economies
b) Phobias
c) Counter conditioning
d) Systematic desensitisation
24.
d
The practice of ____________ is used to treat ___________ and is
based on the principles of ______________
a) counter conditioning, fear-responses, systematic desensitisation
b) systematic desensitisation, fear hierarchies, classical conditioning
c) counter conditioning, fear-arousing stimuli, phobias
d) systematic desensitisation, phobias, counter conditioning
Introduction to Psychology 2e
Lecturer Support Material
ISBN: 9781919895024
© Juta and Company Limited, 2012
5
Who developed the practice of systematic desensitisation?
a) Mary Cover Jones
b) Joseph Wolpe
c) John Watson
d) Albert Bandura
25.
b
26.
d
Which of the following gives the best description of operant
conditioning
a) Learning through acting on the environment
b) Learning through the association between a neutral stimulus and
an unconditioned stimulus
c) Learning through instinctual drives towards primary reinforcers
d) Learning through the consequences of one’s actions
27.
a
Who was the first psychologist to study operant conditioning?
a) BL Thorndike
b) BF Skinner
c) Albert Bandura
d) John Watson
28.
c
What is the law of effect?
a) Learning comes about through the effects of trial and error
b) Learning is effectual if the behaviour is retained
c) Learning is determined by the effect the response produces
d) Learning is determined by the effect of the stimulus eliciting a
response
29.
d
What was BL Thorndike’s contribution to our understanding of
operant conditioning?
a) He developed experimental apparatus with which to study animal
behaviour
b) He coined the term ‘trial-and-error’ learning
c) He formulated the law of effect
d) All of the above
30.
a
What was unique about BF Skinner’s conditioning chamber?
a) It incorporated a pen recorder to automatically register the
animal’s responses
b) It contained levers that the animal had to learn to press in order to
achieve its aim
c) It incorporated the use of food items as motivation for the animal
to learn new behaviours
d) All of the above
Introduction to Psychology 2e
Lecturer Support Material
ISBN: 9781919895024
© Juta and Company Limited, 2012
6
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be found in or around a
Skinner box?
a) A maze
b) A lever
c) Food pellets
d) A cumulative recorder
31.
a
32.
b
A woman goes long distance running in order to feel fresh air in her
lungs and experience the beautiful scenery. Her running behaviour is
what?
a) Contingent upon long distances
b) Positively reinforced
c) Negatively reinforced
d) Punished
33.
c
A man goes long distance running in order to avoid back pains from
sitting in an office chair all day. His running behaviour is what?
a) Contingent upon long distances
b) Positively reinforced
c) Negatively reinforced
d) Punished
34
d
Which of the following is an example of a positively reinforced
behaviour?
a) Tracy rides on a roller-coaster because it gives her a thrill
b) Tebogo does his homework because the teacher will give him a
gold star
c) James goes the cafeteria in order to get a sandwich
d) All of the above
35
c
Which of the following is an example of a negatively reinforced
behaviour?
a) Sandile never eats fish because it makes him sick
b) Lerato eats ice cream because she loves the taste
c) Jenny puts on her jersey because she is cold
d) Tim sits in the sun because he likes the warmth of the sun’s rays
36
c
Which of the following is an example of a positively reinforced
behaviour?
a) Jodi no longer drinks alcohol because it gives her an awful
hangover in the morning
b) A horse gallops faster at the crack of the jockey’s whip
c) A rat presses a lever that is electronically wired to stimulate
dopaminergic pleasure centres in its brain
d) Sipho plays the slot machines at the casino because he loves the
sound of the winnings coming through the machine
Introduction to Psychology 2e
Lecturer Support Material
ISBN: 9781919895024
© Juta and Company Limited, 2012
7
Which of the following is NOT an example of a primary reinforcer?
a) Food
b) Learned reinforcers
c) Sensory reinforcers
d) Social reinforcers
37
b
38
d
Which of the following IS an example of a secondary reinforcer?
a) Water
b) Smiles
c) Praise
d) Money
39
a
Which of the following time intervals between a behaviour and its
consequence is optimal for learning?
a) 7-10 seconds
b) 7- 10 minutes
c) 7-10 hours
d) 7-10 days
40
c
Which of the following statements is most TRUE regarding
superstitious behaviour?
a) They are an exclusively human phenomenon
b) They are acquired through cultural meaning systems and
traditional rites
c) They are not contingent upon their consequences
d) They come about after a variable interval reinforcement schedule
41
c
Despite knowing that going to gym is good for my health and my
body I do not go because I feel stupid when I am there and I am
always sore the next day. This is an example of what?
a) A small but immediate reinforcer superseding a delayed punisher
b) A small but immediate reinforcer superseding a strong but delayed
reinforcer
c) A small but immediate punisher superseding a strong but delayed
reinforcer
d) A weak and immediate punisher superseding a strong but delayed
punisher
Introduction to Psychology 2e
Lecturer Support Material
ISBN: 9781919895024
© Juta and Company Limited, 2012
8
I do not go to the doctor with my sore knee because I know she will
give me a painful injection even though, by not getting treatment,
the injury will worsen and will then require major surgery at a later
stage. This is an example of what?
a) A small but immediate reinforcer superseding a delayed punisher
b) A small but immediate reinforcer superseding a strong but delayed
reinforcer
c) A small but immediate punisher superseding a strong but delayed
reinforcer
d) A weak and immediate punisher superseding a strong but delayed
punisher
42
d
43
c
Which of the following scenarios is an example of a small, immediate
reinforcer superseding a strong, delayed reinforcer?
a) Siviwe prefers to sleep in and miss breakfast even though it makes
him hungry for the rest of the morning
b) Sally puts off going to the dentist because she hates having fillings
done on her teeth despite the fact that by not going regularly she
may end up having to have major dental surgery
c) Ben spends all his money on fast food and movies rather than
saving it to buy the home entertainment system that he has always
wanted
d) Siyolise loves listening to loud music even though she knows that it
will eventual damage her hearing
44
b
A procedure that rewards successive approximations of a desired
behaviour is known as what?
a) Fixed schedule operant conditioning
b) Shaping
c) Trace conditioning
d) Token economics
45
a
Which of the following is the best example of a behaviour that is
learnt through shaping?
a) A circus animal learning to catch and arrange a series of stage
props
b) A new driver learning how to control the clutch in order to set the
car in motion
c) A baby deer learning to walk soon after birth
d) A rat learning that by pressing a lever food will be delivered into its
food-tray
Introduction to Psychology 2e
Lecturer Support Material
ISBN: 9781919895024
© Juta and Company Limited, 2012
9
A pigeon receives a food pellet for every fourth time that it pecks a
round disk. The pigeon is on what type of reinforcement schedule?
a) Variable interval
b) Variable ratio
c) Fixed interval
d) Fixed ratio
46
d
47
d
A pigeon receives a food pellet for every time that it pecks a round
disk. The pigeon is on what type of reinforcement schedule?
a) Variable interval
b) Variable ratio
c) Fixed interval
d) Fixed ratio
48
b
A pigeon receives a food pellet for every time that it pecks a round
disk once 5 minutes have elapsed. The pigeon is on what type of
reinforcement schedule?
a) Fixed ratio
b) Fixed interval
c) Variable ratio
d) Variable interval
49
d
A post-reinforcement pause can be expected from what types of
reinforcement schedules?
a) Variable interval and fixed interval
b) Variable ratio and variable interval
c) Fixed ratio and variable ratio
d) Fixed ratio and fixed interval
50
d
Which type of reinforcement schedule results in a steady response
rate?
a) Fixed ratio
b) Fixed interval
c) Variable ratio
d) Variable interval
51
c
The example of a gambler playing on a slot machine applies to which
type of reinforcement schedule?
a) Fixed ratio
b) Fixed interval
c) Variable ratio
d) Variable interval
Introduction to Psychology 2e
Lecturer Support Material
ISBN: 9781919895024
© Juta and Company Limited, 2012
10
Which of the following is the best example of a variable interval
reinforcement schedule?
a) A woman playing a slot machine
b) A man fishing in a river
c) A woman getting a commission bonus after making a certain
number of sales
d) A man’s studying behaviour prior to a pre-determined exam date
52
b
53
c
When BF Skinner’s food dispenser jammed so that it no longer
delivered food to the conditioning chamber, what effect did he
observe on his cumulative recorder?
a) Generalisation
b) Superstitious behaviour
c) Extinction
d) Post-reinforcement pauses
54
c
The procedure known as differential reinforcement is based upon the
principle of what?
a) Extinction
b) Generalisation
c) Discrimination
d) Spontaneous recovery
55
a
56
c
Which of the following is NOT a factor that must be considered when
using punishment?
a) The punishment may exacerbate the problem behaviour
b) The punishment will not necessarily generalise
c) The punishment may act as a deterrent to others
d) The punishment may not be punitive to the individual
57
d
Which of the following IS a factor that must be considered when
using punishment?
a) Punishment may lead to permanent behaviour modification
b) Aversive punishment should be administered after a long delay to
allow time for the recipient to think about their wrong-doing
c) Punishment may act as a deterrent to others
d) Punishment may be used prematurely as it is reinforcing to the one
administering it
58
c
Introduction to Psychology 2e
Lecturer Support Material
Isolating an individual from as many reinforcers as possible, is best
known as?
a) Timeout procedures
b) Contingent punishment procedures
c) Response cost
d) Aversive punishment
A mother gives her child a gold star for not wetting his bed at night.
ISBN: 9781919895024
© Juta and Company Limited, 2012
11
After 5 consecutive gold stars he is allowed to choose a new toy from
the shop. This is an example of what?
a) Classical conditioning
b) Differential reinforcement
c) Token economy
d) Counter conditioning
59
c
Which of the following psychologists would you most closely
associate with social learning theory?
a) John Watson
b) Edward Tolman
c) Albert Bandura
d) None of the above
60
a
Which of the following is NOT one of the four main processes that
must occur during observational learning?
a) Competency
b) Attention
c) Motor reproduction
d) Reinforcement
61
c
What is the best explanation for why a rat can find the shortest route
to a morsel of food hidden in a maze?
a) It has such a strong olfactory sense that it can smell exactly where
the food is and thus locate it quickly
b) The rat has been conditioned to know the shortest possible route
in the maze
c) The rat has learnt an internal, cognitive representation of the maze
d) The rat has come to associate mazes with food and hence it is
prepared to find the shortest route to the food
62
b
The fact that not all behaviours can be shaped is due to what
phenomenon?
a) Cognitive maps
b) Instinctive drift
c) Spontaneous recovery
d) Extinction
Introduction to Psychology 2e
Lecturer Support Material
ISBN: 9781919895024
© Juta and Company Limited, 2012
12