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AP Biology: Fall Final Study Guide The final exam covers the following topics and chapters. You should utilize all your resources to prepare for this exam. Do not procrastinate in preparation for your final exam, as it will account for 20% of your semester grade. Chapter 2: Chemical Context of Life The main elements of life Types of bonding & molecular interactions Chemical reactions Chapter 3: Water and the Fitness of the Environment The structure of water Water’s polarity & hydrogen bonding Water’s properties & their significance Dissociation of water Acids, bases, & buffers Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life The significance of carbon in biological molecules The diversity in molecules through variations in the carbon skeleton The functional groups Chapter 5: The Structure & Function of Macromolecules Dehydration synthesis & hydrolysis (condensation reactions) The monomer and polymer for all macromolecules The function of all macromolecules Interactions in protein structure that result in conformational shape Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell The structure and function of organelles Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function Cell membrane structure & function of all components Membrane permeability Passive transports & all types Active transport & all types Bulk transport & all types Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Different types of metabolic pathways Laws of thermodynamics Free energy Metabolism ATP & energy coupling Enzymes including how they function, how they are regulated, the effect of their environment on functionality Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Fermentation The prep phase (link reaction) & Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Chapter 10: Photosynthesis The light dependent reaction The Calvin cycle Adaptations to prevent photorespiration (C3, C4, & CAM plants) Chapter 11: Cell Communication Local vs long distance signaling Reception including G-linked receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, & ion channels Transduction including phosphorylation cascades & second messengers Response including cytoplasmic & nuclear responses Chapter 39: Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals Plant responses to light Short day vs long day plants Plant responses to environmental stress Chapter 48: Nervous System Neuron structure & support cells Resting potential Action potential including release of neurotransmitters Central vs peripheral nervous system Chapter 51: Behavior Ecology Proximate vs ultimate causes of behavior Directed movements Signals & communication Mate choice behavior Foraging behavior Altruism Calculations Mean & standard deviation Molarity & dilution calculations pH Gibb’s free energy Surface area to volume Water potential