Download AP Biology: Fall Final Study Guide

AP Biology: Fall Final Study Guide
The final exam covers the following topics and chapters. You should utilize all your resources to prepare for this
exam. Do not procrastinate in preparation for your final exam, as it will account for 20% of your semester grade.
Chapter 2: Chemical Context of Life
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The main elements of life
Types of bonding & molecular interactions
Chemical reactions
Chapter 3: Water and the Fitness of the Environment
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The structure of water
Water’s polarity & hydrogen bonding
Water’s properties & their significance
Dissociation of water
Acids, bases, & buffers
Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
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The significance of carbon in biological molecules
The diversity in molecules through variations in the carbon skeleton
The functional groups
Chapter 5: The Structure & Function of Macromolecules
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Dehydration synthesis & hydrolysis (condensation reactions)
The monomer and polymer for all macromolecules
The function of all macromolecules
Interactions in protein structure that result in conformational shape
Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell
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The structure and function of organelles
Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function
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Cell membrane structure & function of all components
Membrane permeability
Passive transports & all types
Active transport & all types
Bulk transport & all types
Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism
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Different types of metabolic pathways
Laws of thermodynamics
Free energy
Metabolism
ATP & energy coupling
Enzymes including how they function, how they are regulated, the effect of their environment on
functionality
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration
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Glycolysis
Fermentation
The prep phase (link reaction) & Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
Chapter 10: Photosynthesis
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The light dependent reaction
The Calvin cycle
Adaptations to prevent photorespiration (C3, C4, & CAM plants)
Chapter 11: Cell Communication
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Local vs long distance signaling
Reception including G-linked receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, & ion channels
Transduction including phosphorylation cascades & second messengers
Response including cytoplasmic & nuclear responses
Chapter 39: Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals
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Plant responses to light
Short day vs long day plants
Plant responses to environmental stress
Chapter 48: Nervous System
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Neuron structure & support cells
Resting potential
Action potential including release of neurotransmitters
Central vs peripheral nervous system
Chapter 51: Behavior Ecology
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Proximate vs ultimate causes of behavior
Directed movements
Signals & communication
Mate choice behavior
Foraging behavior
Altruism
Calculations
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Mean & standard deviation
Molarity & dilution calculations
pH
Gibb’s free energy
Surface area to volume
Water potential