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Kingdom Plantae • Plants are members of the kingdom Plantae whose cells are _____________________(have a nucleus), have a cell wall made of ________________and contains chloroplasts with pigments such as chlorophyll a and b that help the plant to carry out photosynthesis. KEY CONCEPT Plant life began in the water and became adapted to land. Early Plants • They were very similar to algae that we are familiar with. They were dependent on __________________ for reproduction, and only with the evolution of the _______________ were plants able to survive on dry land. Plant Kingdom Non-flowering Plants Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Non - flowering Plants Bryophytes Seedless Vascular Spore-producing Plants Gymnosperms Seed-producing Non - flowering Plants Bryophytes Seedless Vascular Plants Gymnosperms Do NOT produce flowers Mosses and their relatives are _______________________________ • Nonvascular plants grow close to the ground to absorb water and nutrients. • Seedless plants rely on _________________________ ______ for reproduction. • Liverworts belong to phylum Hepatophyta. – often grow on wet rocks or in greenhouses – can be thallose or leafy Bryophytes • Appearance – Mosses: grow in clumps (green mass) • Anchor – _______________________ – they have _____________ • Transport – No vascular tissue so no transport Bryophytes • Habitat – Damp terrestrial environments • Reproduction – __________________ form capsules that are dispersed by the wind – Requires ____________ • Examples – Mosses, liverworts, hornworts 20.2 Classification of Plants TEKS 5B, 7D, 8B, 8C • Mosses belong to phylum Bryophyta. – most common seedless nonvascular plants – sphagnum moss commonly used by humans as “peat” Bryophyta: Mosses Moss Spore-producing capsule spores Liverworts and Hornworts Liverwort Hornwort Seedless Vascular Plants • Appearance – Feathery leaves, underground stems • Anchor – Roots, underground stems • Transport – Vascular tissue (also provides support) 20.2 Classification of Plants TEKS 5B, 7D, 8B, 8C Club mosses and ferns are seedless vascular plants. • A _____________________allows club mosses and ferns to grow higher off the ground. • Both need ___________________________water for reproduction. • Club mosses belong to phylum Lycophyta. – not true mosses – oldest living group of vascular plants 20.1 Origins of Plant Life TEKS 7A, 7E, 8C, 12A • A vascular system allows resources to move to different parts of the plant. – – – – collection of specialized tissues brings _____________________nutrients up from roots disperses ____________________ from the leaves allows plants to grow higher off the ground water and mineral nutrients sugars 21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues TEKS 5B, 10B, 10C • Vascular tissue transports water, minerals and organic compounds. – two networks of hollow tubes – ___________ transports water and minerals – ___________ transports photosynthetic products stem leaf root 21.2 The Vascular System TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C Water and dissolved minerals move through xylem. • Xylem contains specialized cells. – vessel elements are short and wide – tracheid cells are long and narrow – xylem cells die at maturity tracheid vessel element 21.2 The Vascular System TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C Phloem carries sugars from photosynthesis throughout the plant. • Phloem contains specialized cells. – sieve tube elements have holes at ends – companion cells help sieve tube elements – unlike xylem, phloem tissue is alive 21.2 The Vascular System • Water travels from roots to the top of trees. – absorption occurs at roots – cohesion and adhesion in xylem – transpiration at leaves TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C 21.2 The Vascular System TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C • The cohesion-tension theory explains water movement. – Plants passively transport water through the xylem. – ___________ is the tendency of water molecules to bond with each other. – ________________ is the tendency of water molecules to bond with other substances. Seedless Vascular Plants • Habitat – Damp, shady environments • Reproduction – Spores are produced on ___________________________ by the ___________ – Requires ________________ • Examples – Ferns, horsetails, club mosses Fern Young fern leaf (circinate) Sorus: fern spore-producing organ Horsetail Club moss Tips of branches called strobili have spore bearing parts on them. Seed plants include cone-bearing plants and flowering plants. • Seed plants have several advantages over their seedless ancestors. – can reproduce ________________________________, via pollination – ___________ occurs when pollen meets female plant parts – ___________ nourish and protect plant embryo – seeds allow plants to disperse to new places 20.2 Classification of Plants TEKS 5B, 7D, 8B, 8C • __________________ do not have seeds enclosed in fruit. – most gymnosperms are ________________ and evergreen. – the cone is reproductive structure of most gymnosperms. – ___________ is produced in _________ cones. – ____________ are produced in ___________ cones. – seeds develop on scales of female cones. Ginko Cycad Cycadophyta Male cone Female cone Conifer Needle-shaped leaves Male cones (in clusters) Female cones (scattered) 20.2 Classification of Plants TEKS 5B, 7D, 8B, 8C • ___________________ have seeds enclosed in some type of _______________ – A ________________ is the reproductive structure of angiosperms. – A __________ is a mature _____________of a flower. • Angiosperms, or flowering plants, belong in phylum Anthophyta. 20.3 Diversity of Flowering Plants TEKS 7B, 7D, 8B Flowering plants have unique adaptations that allow them to dominate in today’s world. • _________________ allow for efficient pollination. – animals feed on pollen or nectar – pollen is spread from plant to plant in process