Download Chapter 4: Introduction to Plants

Chapter 4: Introduction to Plants
What Is A Plant?
-______________ organisms with ________ and _________.
-Contain _______________ inside ________________ and
can make food.
-Can not ___________________________________.
-Made of _________________ cells with ______________.
Adaptations to Land
-To move to land, plants had to develop adaptations to solve
the following problems:
*Prevent water loss—cell walls made of ___________
help prevent water loss. Most land plants also have a
__________ covering called a _____________ on
their stems and leaves that also aids in preventing
water loss.
*Obtain water and nutrients from soil—plants evolved
_________.
*Transport materials—__________ moves up and
_________ moves down.
*Support their own weight—cell walls and
__________________ provide structure and
support. ________ and ________ then evolved.
*Reproduction—the most successful land plants
evolved ways to reproduce without water (_________)
Origin of Plants
-Evolved from one-celled, plant-like __________ in the
ocean (________________)
*Fossil record is sketchy because most plants ________
before they __________________.
*Oldest plant fossils are about __________________.
They had no leaves and their stems grew underground.
Photosynthesis
-All plants make food through the process of photosynthesis.
*During photosynthesis, plants use ___________
from ________________ to change carbon dioxide
and water into sugar and oxygen.
1. Sunlight or “________________” is made
of all of the colors of the rainbow
(_________________________)
2. Plants absorb most of these colors except
___________. Green light is reflected by the
______________ known as ______________.
3. Other plant pigments reflect other colors and
are called ______________________. We
see them mostly in the ________, when plants
stop making chlorophyll.
-In photosynthesis, the energy in sunlight is used to make
____________ and ____________ from CO2 and H2O.
*Water enters through the ________ of the plant.
*Carbon dioxide enters through tiny openings in the
leaves of the plant called ____________.
*They travel to the ___________________, where they
are changed into a special sugar, called ___________,
and oxygen.
*____________ is the plant’s food. It is broken down,
just like our food, to give the plant energy to grow,
develop, respond and reproduce.
*Most of the ______________ is released also through
the stomata of the leaves and used by other
___________________.
-The many chemical reactions of photosynthesis can be
summarized by this equation:
Classification of Plants
-The Plant Kingdom is divided into ________divisions.
(not phyla)
*The first division includes _____________________.
Nonvascular plants have ________________
(vascular tissue) for transporting food and water.
Therefore, they are all very ________ and grow
in damp, shady places. They include:
1. Division Bryophyta—___________________
___________________________.
*The remaining eight divisions are all
_____________________. Vascular plants have
vessels (vascular tissue) to transport _________
and materials and help support the plant. Therefore,
they can grow very _______ and are better suited
to all ________ habitats. Some reproduce using
___________ and some use ___________. This
chapter will look at the three divisions of __________
vascular plants.
1. Division Lycophyta—__________________
2. Division Sphenophyta—________________
3. Division Pterophyta—__________
Division Bryophyta
-______________ are the most common type of bryophyte.
*_____________different species
*All are simple, rootless plants with _____________
growths in a spiral around a ____________.
*Root-like threads called _______________ replace
true roots and hold the moss in place.
*Most range in size from ___________ in height.
- ______________ are simple, rootless plants that have a
flattened, leaf-like body. Their name means,
“__________________” and in the Middle Ages, people
believed this plant looked like one’s liver.
-_______________are small plants with flat, round
leaf-like structures. It’s sporophyte looks like an
____________________. They live near lakes and rivers.
Importance of Bryophytes
-Bryophytes such as mosses and liverworts are often called
___________________ because they are the first to grow
in a new or disturbed area.
-Nonvascular plants like them were also probably the first
land plants to evolve _______________________.
-Many people use ______________ from ________ in
agriculture and gardening.
Complex Life Cycle of Bryophytes
-Simple plants like mosses and other bryophytes have
complex life cycles that include two different stages:
the _______________stage and the _______________stage.
-A moss ________________ is the green leafy part of the
plant and the root-like rhizoids. There are separate _______
and ___________ gametophytes.
-The moss ___________________ is made of a __________
and a _____________. It grows from the zygote cell and
will produce new _________ that will grow into new
____________________.
Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants
-Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails also reproduce using
_________ not _________. However, they have
____________________ which means they can grow much
taller. There are three divisions of seedless vascular plants.
*Division Lycophyta—also known as _____________
Produce spores in structures that look like tiny
_______________. Sometime called ground pine.
*Division Sphenophyta—also known as ___________
Stems are jointed with a hollow center. They contain
__________ (a gritty substance found in ________).
They were used by _____________ to scour their
pots and pans.
*Division Pterophyta—includes all species of ______
Largest group of seedless vascular plants. Ancient
species were huge (________________). Today, the
largest species are _________________. These
ancient fern forests formed today’s _______________.
1. Most ferns have underground stems in
addition to roots. The leaves, or __________,
grow above ground.
2. Ferns and other seedless vascular plants also
reproduce using a _________________ and a
__________________ generation.
Complex Life Cycle of Ferns
-The sporophyte is the fern leaf, or “__________”. On
the underside of the frond are spore cases called
_________. These release thousands of spores. A spore
grows into a _________________ gametophyte called a
________________. It is held in place by root-like
structures called ________________ and has both
_________ and _______ cells on it. They unite and a new
sporophyte begins to grow.
Wrap-up
-Both mosses and ferns rely on ____________ for
reproduction because the sperm cells must _________
to egg cells. Therefore, these plants live only in fairly
___________ areas. It wasn’t until plants evolved
___________ for reproduction that they truly became
successful in all land habitats.
-______________________ vascular plants include all
other plants not discussed in this chapter. We will be
studying them next.