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Transcript
Chapter 4: Introduction to Plants What Is A Plant? -______________ organisms with ________ and _________. -Contain _______________ inside ________________ and can make food. -Can not ___________________________________. -Made of _________________ cells with ______________. Adaptations to Land -To move to land, plants had to develop adaptations to solve the following problems: *Prevent water loss—cell walls made of ___________ help prevent water loss. Most land plants also have a __________ covering called a _____________ on their stems and leaves that also aids in preventing water loss. *Obtain water and nutrients from soil—plants evolved _________. *Transport materials—__________ moves up and _________ moves down. *Support their own weight—cell walls and __________________ provide structure and support. ________ and ________ then evolved. *Reproduction—the most successful land plants evolved ways to reproduce without water (_________) Origin of Plants -Evolved from one-celled, plant-like __________ in the ocean (________________) *Fossil record is sketchy because most plants ________ before they __________________. *Oldest plant fossils are about __________________. They had no leaves and their stems grew underground. Photosynthesis -All plants make food through the process of photosynthesis. *During photosynthesis, plants use ___________ from ________________ to change carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen. 1. Sunlight or “________________” is made of all of the colors of the rainbow (_________________________) 2. Plants absorb most of these colors except ___________. Green light is reflected by the ______________ known as ______________. 3. Other plant pigments reflect other colors and are called ______________________. We see them mostly in the ________, when plants stop making chlorophyll. -In photosynthesis, the energy in sunlight is used to make ____________ and ____________ from CO2 and H2O. *Water enters through the ________ of the plant. *Carbon dioxide enters through tiny openings in the leaves of the plant called ____________. *They travel to the ___________________, where they are changed into a special sugar, called ___________, and oxygen. *____________ is the plant’s food. It is broken down, just like our food, to give the plant energy to grow, develop, respond and reproduce. *Most of the ______________ is released also through the stomata of the leaves and used by other ___________________. -The many chemical reactions of photosynthesis can be summarized by this equation: Classification of Plants -The Plant Kingdom is divided into ________divisions. (not phyla) *The first division includes _____________________. Nonvascular plants have ________________ (vascular tissue) for transporting food and water. Therefore, they are all very ________ and grow in damp, shady places. They include: 1. Division Bryophyta—___________________ ___________________________. *The remaining eight divisions are all _____________________. Vascular plants have vessels (vascular tissue) to transport _________ and materials and help support the plant. Therefore, they can grow very _______ and are better suited to all ________ habitats. Some reproduce using ___________ and some use ___________. This chapter will look at the three divisions of __________ vascular plants. 1. Division Lycophyta—__________________ 2. Division Sphenophyta—________________ 3. Division Pterophyta—__________ Division Bryophyta -______________ are the most common type of bryophyte. *_____________different species *All are simple, rootless plants with _____________ growths in a spiral around a ____________. *Root-like threads called _______________ replace true roots and hold the moss in place. *Most range in size from ___________ in height. - ______________ are simple, rootless plants that have a flattened, leaf-like body. Their name means, “__________________” and in the Middle Ages, people believed this plant looked like one’s liver. -_______________are small plants with flat, round leaf-like structures. It’s sporophyte looks like an ____________________. They live near lakes and rivers. Importance of Bryophytes -Bryophytes such as mosses and liverworts are often called ___________________ because they are the first to grow in a new or disturbed area. -Nonvascular plants like them were also probably the first land plants to evolve _______________________. -Many people use ______________ from ________ in agriculture and gardening. Complex Life Cycle of Bryophytes -Simple plants like mosses and other bryophytes have complex life cycles that include two different stages: the _______________stage and the _______________stage. -A moss ________________ is the green leafy part of the plant and the root-like rhizoids. There are separate _______ and ___________ gametophytes. -The moss ___________________ is made of a __________ and a _____________. It grows from the zygote cell and will produce new _________ that will grow into new ____________________. Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants -Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails also reproduce using _________ not _________. However, they have ____________________ which means they can grow much taller. There are three divisions of seedless vascular plants. *Division Lycophyta—also known as _____________ Produce spores in structures that look like tiny _______________. Sometime called ground pine. *Division Sphenophyta—also known as ___________ Stems are jointed with a hollow center. They contain __________ (a gritty substance found in ________). They were used by _____________ to scour their pots and pans. *Division Pterophyta—includes all species of ______ Largest group of seedless vascular plants. Ancient species were huge (________________). Today, the largest species are _________________. These ancient fern forests formed today’s _______________. 1. Most ferns have underground stems in addition to roots. The leaves, or __________, grow above ground. 2. Ferns and other seedless vascular plants also reproduce using a _________________ and a __________________ generation. Complex Life Cycle of Ferns -The sporophyte is the fern leaf, or “__________”. On the underside of the frond are spore cases called _________. These release thousands of spores. A spore grows into a _________________ gametophyte called a ________________. It is held in place by root-like structures called ________________ and has both _________ and _______ cells on it. They unite and a new sporophyte begins to grow. Wrap-up -Both mosses and ferns rely on ____________ for reproduction because the sperm cells must _________ to egg cells. Therefore, these plants live only in fairly ___________ areas. It wasn’t until plants evolved ___________ for reproduction that they truly became successful in all land habitats. -______________________ vascular plants include all other plants not discussed in this chapter. We will be studying them next.