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Botany Evolution and Classification of Plants Why Plants are Great • Plants were the first multicellular organisms to colonise the land. • Plants are Producers that is they get their energy from sunlight. All animals rely on plants directly or indirectly. • Almost all food chains except those around hydrothermal vents have plants at the start. • Fossil fuels are made from dead plants…okay maybe not so great now, but our civilisation depends on it. • Plants produce oxygen, stop soil from eroding, stop the earth becoming to saline, provide homes for animals, provide food and shelter, they are the source of most medicines…the list goes on. What is a plant? • • • • Plants photosynthesise Plants have cell walls made of cellulose. Plants are eukaryotic. Plants are autotrophic. Autotrophic, what the hell does that mean? • Being Autotrophic means that an organism makes its own organic molecules. • This is as opposed to heterotrophic organisms that take there organic molecules for the environment. • Plants are photoautotrophic, meaning they make their organic molecules using the energy from sunlight. Plant Evolution • Over time plants have evolved and become more and more well adapted to land so that they have conquered most land habitats. • Plants that are still alive today represent the evolutionary path that plants took (though we must remember that these modern plants are all well adapted to their preferred habitats – they aren’t “un-evolved”). Three Major Phyla • Algae – Simple plants • Bryophytes – Non Vascular Plants • Tracheophytes – Vascular plants Algae • Are simple single or multicelled plants. • They are completely dependant on water to survive and reproduce. • Have no true tissues. • May form colonies of cells as in seaweed. Bryophytes (Mosses and Liverworts) • Are dependant on water for reproduction but can survive on land without drying out (as long as they have a fairly moist environment). • Alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction. • Gametophytes produce sperm and eggs and are Haploid, meaning they have one set of chromosomes. • Sporophytes are Diploid meaning they have a set of chromosomes from both their parents. • No true stems, leaves or roots. They known as non-vascular plants Tracheophytes (vascular plants) • These plants have true Roots, shoots and leaves and a well developed vascular system. • Includes: – Ferns (plants that reproduce with spores) – Gymnosperms (reproduce sexually using seeds but have no flowers) (Conifers) – Angiosperms (flowering plants) Plant evolution Questions • Page 9 Q 1.12 • Page 10 Q 1.13 • Page 11 Q 1.14 • Page 12 Q 1.15 Tracheophytes: subdivisions • Ferns • Seed plants: –Gymnosperms • Conifers • Gingkos • Cycads –Angiosperms • Monocots • Dicots Questions • What do cyanobacteria have to do with plants? What is this process called? • Why are plants important? • Why do bryophytes need water to reproduce? • Why are bryophytes so small? Levels of Classification • Kingdom – Plant • Phylum – Algae – Bryophyta – Tracheophyta • Sub Phylum: Seed Plants (Spermatophyta) • Class – Ferns (Filicopsida) The following 3 classes are sometimes all classed as Gymnosperms but the classification is no longer used officially. • Cycads (Cycadopsida) • Ginko (Ginkopsida) • Conifers (Coniferopsida) – Flowering plants (Angiospermae) • Subclasses Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons Levels of Classification continued • The following categories contain fewer plants and there are lots of them. • • • • Order Family Genus Species