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Name Date Class Key Concept Builder LESSON 2 Earthquakes and Volcanoes Key Concept What causes earthquakes? Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Some terms may be used more than once. damage downward earthquake energy fault forces horizontal landslides liquefaction mountains plate rocks tension upward vertical 1. A(n) is the rupture and sudden movement of along a break or crack in Earth’s crust. 2. Compression and forces cause motion along a fault. 3. Shear forces cause a(n) motion along . 4. An earthquake occurs when pushing on tectonic plates are so large that blocks of crust move. 5. Earthquakes usually occur along boundaries, though some have occurred far from these boundaries. 6. A tsunami can result from the or movement of the ocean floor along a fault. 7. The crust moves along a surface called a(n) during an earthquake. 8. A great deal of can occur during an earthquake when the ground behaves more like a liquid than a solid. This event is called . 9. As the ground shakes, earthquakes also can trigger that to cause rocks and soil to tumble down from the tops of valleys below. 10. The ground shaking that is felt when an earthquake occurs is caused by the released when pieces of crust slide past each other. 36 Earth’s Changing Surface Name Date Key Concept Builder Class LESSON 2 Earthquakes and Volcanoes Key Concept What causes volcanoes to form? Directions: Use the diagram to answer each question on the lines provided. 1. Why does magma move upward? 2. What happens when magma erupts on the surface? 3. What is a volcano? 4. Where do volcanoes form? 5. How is the mid-ocean ridge shown in the diagram formed? 6. How does low pressure cause volcanoes to form? 7. Which two factors affect the temperature that rocks melt at? 8. What causes magma to erupt through cracks in Earth’s surface? Earth’s Changing Surface 37 Name Date Class Key Concept Builder LESSON 2 Earthquakes and Volcanoes Key Concept How do earthquakes and volcanoes change Earth’s surface? Directions: Complete the cause-and-effect chart with the correct information in the space provided. Cause Effect Earth’s crust moves vertically as blocks of crust slide past each other along a fault. 1. Movement occurs along plate boundaries. 2. The mantle above a sinking plate melts and forms magma. 3. Land drops as the result of an earthquake. 4. There is extreme shaking where the ground is made up of loose sediment. 5. Lava flows into the rift formed at a divergent boundary deep in the ocean. 6. Oceanic crust builds up. 7. Lava cools and solidifies. 8. Compression and tension forces act on Earth’s crust. 9. Lava flows over long distances. 10. Magma rises to the surface near the center of a tectonic plate, called a hot spot. 11. 38 Earth’s Changing Surface Name Date Class Key Concept Builder LESSON 2 Earthquakes and Volcanoes Key Concept How do earthquakes and volcanoes change Earth’s surface? Directions: On each line, write the term or statement from the word bank that correctly completes each causeand-effect sentence. Each term or statement is used only once. caldera forms cone shape forms liquefaction liquid ridge or mountain forms shield-shaped volcano forms sunlight is blocked volcano forms waves called tsunamis form 1. When magma rises to the surface of Earth’s crust, a . 2. When many thousands of lava flows have built up, a type of volcano called a . 3. When built-up magma in a magma chamber is removed, a large depression called a . 4. When lava flows and ash layers are deposited by explosive eruptions, a large volcano that has a . 5. When force from an earthquake causes vertical movement along a fault line, a . 6. When volcanic ash and gases from explosive eruptions blow high into the atmosphere, , causing the temperature of the atmosphere near Earth to decrease. 7. When an earthquake deep in the ocean causes the upward movement of Earth’s crust at a fault, water is pushed up and huge . 8. When extreme shaking occurs where the ground is made up of sediment, an event called a Earth’s Changing Surface occurs where the ground seems to change to . 39