Download Chapter 8 Standards - Port Angeles High School

CELL STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
STATE STANDARDS
See AHA Biology Text Ch 4, 11,
(1) Describe the essential function(s) of structures within cells (i.e., cellular membrane, cell wall, nucleus,
chromosome, chloroplast, mitochondrion, ribosome, cytoplasm).
(2) Describe the structure of the cell membrane as a bilayer with embedded proteins capable of regulating the
flow of materials into and out of the cell.
(3) Describe the structure of DNA molecules in terms of the four nucleotides (i.e., A, C, G, and T subunits are
combined in various sequences).
(4) Describe that the sequence of the four nucleotides in the DNA molecule encodes genetic information.
(5) Describe the relationships among DNA, chromosomes, genes, amino acids, proteins, and/or traits.
(6) Describe that the sequence of the nucleotides in a gene specifies the amino acids needed to make a protein.
(7) Describe inherited traits (e.g., eye color, hair texture, attached earlobes, tongue rolling) and cell functions
as primarily determined by the proteins expressed by genes.
(8) Predict the complementary strand of mRNA given the nucleotide sequence in a single strand of DNA.
(9) Describe the steps and/or structures in the process by which gene sequences are copied to produce proteins:
Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation. (e.g., the sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines
the sequence of subunits in mRNA assembled in the nucleus, and the mRNA is held by ribosomes in the
cytoplasm where amino acids carried by tRNA are assembled into proteins based on the codons in the
mRNA sequence).
(10) Describe the genetic variability of offspring due to mutations and genetic recombination as allowing
some offspring to be better able to survive and produce offspring.
(11) Describe mutations as random changes or occasional mistakes in the copying of genetic material that,
when in egg or sperm cells, can be inherited by future generations.
(12) Describe the molecular processes and/or environmental factors by which mutations can occur (e.g.,
insertion, deletion, substitution, or UV radiation in sunlight).
(13) Describe that changes caused by mutations will often be harmful, but a small minority of mutations will
cause changes that allow the offspring to survive longer and reproduce more.
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CELL STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
1. What is the function of the chloroplast (plants only)?
2. What is the function of the cell wall (plants,fungi)?
3. What is the function of the nucleus (all cells)?
4. What is the function of the chromosome (all cells)?
5. What is the function of the mitochondria (all cells)?
6. What is the function of the ribosome (all cells)?
7. What is the function of the cytoplasm/cytosol (all cells)?
8. Draw the cell membrane with its lipid bilayer, embedded proteins.
What is the function of the cell membrane?
9. The DNA is made of what three smaller subunit molecules?_____________ __________ ______________
10. What are the four DNA nucleotide subunits that make up DNA's "code"?
11. DNA is coiled around histones to form __________________________________________.
12. A chromosome contains many different "codes" called _______________________________.
13. Each of these "codes" instructions on how to build (link together) a different_______________________
14. Specific amino acid sequences are organized and linked together into specific ________________________
15. The order of the nucleotides in a gene specifies the ________________________ needed to make a protein.
16. Inherited traits and cell functions are primarily determined by the _________________ expressed by genes.
17. Using the DNA sequence, A T C G
A T
C C G, predict the mRNA sequence.
18. Filling-in the correct word to complete the statement regarding protein synthesis.
The sequence of nucleotides in __________ determines the sequence of
subunits in _____________
assembled in the __________, and the mRNA is held by _____________ in the cytoplasm where
__________ _________
the
carried by tRNA are assembled into __________ based on the codons in
_______ sequence.
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19. Where in the cell does the DNA sequence transcribe into the mRNA sequence?
20. Where does the mRNA sequence get translated to build a protein?
21. mRNA and tRNA use Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and ________________instead of Thymine
22. Amino acids are carried by ____________ to the ribosome to assemble proteins.
23. Genetic variability of offspring is due to changes in the _____________________________________.
24. Random changes and mistakes in the copying of genetic material is a called a _______________________.
25. What kind of things in the environment can cause DNA mutations?
26. Are ALL mutations bad? Give at least one example of how a mutation can be both "good" and "bad":
27. What can improve an individual’s survival and reproduction rates in environments with a finite supply of
resources?
28. What must occur for biological evolution to take place?
29. A trait in an organism will be ___________________________ based on the given environment.
30. Genes in very different organisms can be similar because the organisms all share _______.
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