Download Biotechnology Unit Test Review

Biotechnology Unit Test Review – Chapter 11
Name ______KEY_________________
(1-7) Define the following terms:
1. Recombinant DNA – sequence of DNA made from two or more species (in class, we combined a
human gene with a bacterial DNA plasmid)
2. Restriction enzymes – Bacterial enzymes that cut DNA in specific places (look for specific
nitrogen base sequences and make zig-zag cut to make “sticky ends”)
3. Gene cloning – A gene is inserted into a bacteria. Then, many copies of the gene are made
when the bacteria divide.
4. DNA ligase – Enzyme used to join the “sticky ends” of a recombinant DNA
5. Gel electrophoresis – Technique used to separate DNA or protein fragments based on size
6. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) – Technique used to make many copies of a piece of DNA so
that it can be manipulated and visible on electrophoresis gel
7. Plasmids – Circular pieces of DNA in bacteria independent of the main chromosomes; used as a
vector in genetic engineering
8. How does genetic engineering use bacteria to produce human genes? Describe the steps.
Human DNA and bacterial plasmid is cut with same restriction enzyme. Recombinant DNA is
produced. The gene is cloned when bacteria are allowed to reproduce. Then, cells undergo
selection and are screened to be sure the gene of interest has been received by the bacteria.
9. The project to map the location of genes on human chromosomes is called the
______Human Genome Project ________________.
10. How is DNA fingerprinting used in criminal investigations? Analysis allows investigators to
match DNA from the crime scene to an individual using gel electrophoresis techniques.
11. What are the sex chromosomes for a normal male? ___XY_____ A normal female? ____XX____
12. What is trisomy? A mutation that results in having an extra chromosome (three of one
chromosome instead of two).
13. Give three reasons why crops (plants grown for food) are genetically modified by scientists? To
make plants resistant to insects or pesticides, to make more hearty and tolerant to drought, to
improve the nutritional value, and to give ability to adapt to different soils
14. How many chromosomes does a person with Down syndrome have? ____47________
15. What type of information can be learned from looking at a person’s karyotype? Number of
chromosomes and sex of individual (male or female); some genetic diseases can be diagnosed
16. What types of cells are used to obtain chromosomes for karyotyping? Somatic (body) cells
17. Which type of cells would NOT be used for karyotyping? Gametes (Sex cells - sperm/egg)
18. A segment of DNA is cut with a restriction enzyme that results in 3 fragments of DNA. The
fragments are 20, 10, and 45 base pairs in length. Below, draw an electrophoresis gel that
represents how the fragments separate. Include the location of the negative and positive
electrodes.
Karyotype 1
19. Number of Chromosomes ____46_______
20. Sex of Individual _____female_________
Karyotype 2
21. Number of Chromosomes ___46_______
22. Sex of Individual ___male_________