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Unit 10Evolution Textbook: Unit 5 (Evolution) pages 366467 Barron's SAT Subject Test Prep Book: Chapter 11 (Evolution) pages 153172 & Chapter 14 (Animal Physiology) pages 211220 http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_01 Apr 132:38 PM Topic: Geologic Time Scale Apr 133:02 PM 1 Unit 10Evolution * What is evolution? Briefly describe what Evolution (definition): you have learned regarding evolution Theory that describes cumulative changes before Living Environment. in organisms (species) over time Evolution (definition): Theory that describes cumulative changes in organisms (species) over time How do species CHANGE? MUTATIONS! (lead to variations) What factor controls those changes? The Environment What is the major scientific evidence for evolution? The Fossil Record Apr 132:31 PM Apr 132:40 PM 2 Unit 10Evolution Apr 132:37 PM *Review from Earth Science: 1.) Nearly all fossils occur in which type of rock? Sedimentary Why? Igneous and Metamorphic require heat and/or pressure which would destroy fossils 2.) How do we use rock layers and the fossil record to determine the relative ages of organisms? Law of Superposition Does this always work out perfectly? No (geologic activity) 3.) Imagine you found a piece of amber in a sedimentary rock layer. What environment likely was present at the time of the fossil's formation? Forest youngest fossils Oldest Fossils Apr 132:37 PM 3 Unit 10Evolution Index Fossils: What is an index fossil? used to define and identify geologic periods What characteristics would make a good index fossil? wide distribution, a lot of them, evolve quickly, easy to recognize What fossils in this group would make a good index fossil? Why? A in all 4 columns, easily recognizable, only in 1 layer Apr 132:48 PM *How long ago did Earth form? *When did life first appear? *Human predecessors? ~ 4.6 BYA ~ 3.5 BYA ~ 2.5 MYA *Anatomically modern Humans? ~ 200, 000 Apr 132:50 PM 4 Unit 10Evolution Topic: Origin of Life Apr 133:02 PM 1. Origins of Life: Early Ideas Spontaneous Generation: *What's wrong with this idea? Apr 133:02 PM 5 Unit 10Evolution 2. Origins of Life: Modern Ideas Miller-Urey *Early EarthGases- water vapor, methane, ammonia, hydrogen (inorganic) *Energy- Heat and Lightning Apr 133:06 PM *Summary: 4. Heterotroph Hypothesis Inorganic molecules (w/ UV, Light, Heat) Chemical reactions Organic molecules DNA, RNA, Glucose, etc. Heterotroph (fermentation) CO2 Anaerobic respiration *Simple, single-celled Autotrophs Prokaryotes O2 Photosynthesis or Chemosynthesis Aerobic Respiration Aerobes Apr 133:12 PM 6 Unit 10Evolution *Wherever the first organic molecules originated, what critical molecules must have come next? Apr 133:13 PM 5.Prokaryotes Eukaryotes ~ 3.5 BYA Endosymbiosis Theory ~ 1.8 BYA *Evidence for this theory? *Why is the origin of life so hard to pinpoint? Apr 133:14 PM 7 Unit 10Evolution Apr 219:22 AM Apr 219:22 AM 8 Unit 10Evolution Topic: Natural Selection and Evolution Apr 219:23 AM heterotrophic prokaryotes autotrophic prokaryotes simple to complex mutations - natural selection of adaptations evolution Apr 219:24 AM 9 Unit 10Evolution Lamarck Darwin General Idea: If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring. He said that change is made by what the organisms want or need. General Idea: He said that organisms, even of the same species, are all different and that those which happen to have variations that help them to survive in their environments survive and have more offspring. The offspring are born with their parents' helpful traits, and as they reproduce, individuals with that trait make up more of the population. Other individuals, that are not so well adapted, die off. + Modern Theory = Darwin (Natural selection) Genes meiosis, independent assortment, mutations + sexual reproduction variations natural selection Apr 219:24 AM Disproving Lamarck: August Weismann Apr 219:29 AM 10 Unit 10Evolution 1. Who is Charles Darwin? http://www.sciencechannel.com/videotopics/earthscience/galapagosbeyonddarwincharlesdarwin.htm (18091882) Apr 219:29 AM Theory of Natural Selection *Darwin's thinking: if humans could artificially select for certain traits, why can't nature? * Over time, the average height of sunflower population is short if the short sunflowers continue to reproduce more successfully. After many generations, the short sunflowers may become a new species if they are no longer able to breed with the original sunflowers. Apr 219:30 AM 11 Unit 10Evolution *Darwin's On the Origin of the Species: natural selection = evolution natural selection is a way to explain how evolution works! YOU DO NOT DEVELOP ADAPTATIONS BECAUSE YOU NEED THEM. YOU CAN NOT PASS ON ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS! http://www.animalplanet.com/wildanimals/animaladaptations/ https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/amaze.html http://www.exploringnature.org/db/detail_index.php?dbID=5&dbType=2t Apr 219:37 AM 4. What produces variations? mutations 5. Why are variations important? allows for Natural selection Some variations are more favorable in different environments Apr 219:31 AM 12 Unit 10Evolution https://askabiologist.asu.edu/sites/default/files/PepperMoth/peppermoths.swf Apr 219:37 AM 7. Natural Selection vs. Artificial Selection Natural Selection- environment is the selecting agent Artificial Selection - Humans are the selecting agent Apr 219:48 AM 13 Unit 10Evolution 8. What is an adaptation? A variation that allows an organism to survive its environment trait Apr 219:52 AM 9. What is an Adaptive Variation? A variation that allows you to survive a changing environment Apr 2111:25 AM 14 Unit 10Evolution What would happen to a population with variation if the environment changed? Some of the organisms in that population with the best suited variations will survive the changed environment What would happen to a population that did not have variation if the environment changed? Population who's adaptations were not suited for the new environment may die off Apr 2111:30 AM General Definition of Evolution: Change in species over time What you should know about evolution: • Individuals DO NOT evolve, only species over a long period of time • Individuals DO NOT become extinct, only species become extinct • "Fitness" is determined by the ENVIRONMENT; what is fit in one environment, may not necessarily be fit in another • Evolution is going on today..... example: antibiotics and antiviral drugs are becoming ineffective because bacteria and viruses are mutating, becoming resistant, and therefore carrying on evolution. Apr 2111:41 AM 15 Unit 10Evolution Darwin's Origin of the Species 1859 (believed in blending and mixing of parents traits) Mendel's Basics of Inheritance 1866 (unfortunately Mendel's work wasn't widely popular until the 1900's) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/06/1/l_061_01.html May 62:07 PM A Divergent two species from a common ancestor gradually become increasingly different (usually different environments) B Convergent species of different ancestors begin to share analogous traits because of a shared environment or other selection pressure (ex. whales and fish) C Parallel two species evolve similarly but independently, because they do not occupy the same niche Apr 2111:43 AM 16 Unit 10Evolution A Divergent B Convergent C Parallel Apr 2111:50 AM Gradualism- large changes are actually the end product of very small changes that build up over time Punctuated Equilibrium- long periods of no change, punctuated by short periods of change Most scientists believe species can evolve by gradualism, punctuated equilibrium or a combination of both Apr 2111:32 AM 17 Unit 10Evolution May 61:50 PM Topic: Comparative Studies May 61:51 PM 18 Unit 10Evolution May 61:53 PM Fossil record shows similarities and differences in/between species May 61:54 PM 19 Unit 10Evolution parts of the body that are similar in structure to other species' comparative parts structures that have similar characteristics in organisms that are NOT closely related (ex. shark and dolphin, human and octopus (eye)) seemingly have no purpose or function (theory-served a purpose in an ancestor) May 61:56 PM Embryos of very different species, look very similar in early embryonic development May 61:57 PM 20 Unit 10Evolution DNA RNA Proteins Amino acid sequences in the proteins of different organisms can be compared (More similarities = more closely related) DNA sequences (DNA fingerprinting) can be compared (More DNA in common = more closely related) May 61:57 PM Chimpanzee Orangutan May 61:58 PM 21 Unit 10Evolution Groups of organisms more closely related share a more recent common ancestor; all life on Earth shares a common ancestor When adaptation occurred Nodes- common ancestor Most closely related- closer together on the phylogenetic tree May 61:58 PM group of organisms that can reproduce fertile offspring organisms who become so different, they can no longer reproduce fertile offspring group of organisms of the same species living in a particular area May 62:00 PM 22 Unit 10Evolution all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. population of organisms that are separated from exchanging genetic material with other organisms of the same species by geography May 62:00 PM May 62:01 PM 23 Unit 10Evolution May 62:01 PM organisms can no longer reproduce fertile offspring geographic isolation reproductive isolation speciation May 62:02 PM 24 Unit 10Evolution They were around at the same time, but Mendel's work wasn't popular until long after both had died study of variation within populations May 62:04 PM May 62:12 PM 25 Unit 10Evolution May 62:12 PM May 62:12 PM 26 Unit 10Evolution Conditions Necessary for Hardy Weinberg Principle Relationship to Evolution 1 No mutations 1 mutations Adaptations Natural selection 2 No Natural Selection 2 NS mechanism for how evolution works 3 Population must be very large 3 overproduction → produce more than can survive, so there's a better chance for survival 4 Mating must be totally random 4 Sexual selection mates choose based on best "fit" (strongest, mating calls, bright colors, pheromones, etc.) No migration into/out of the 5 Migration brings new genes into a population 5 population May 62:13 PM May 62:15 PM 27 Unit 10Evolution May 62:15 PM Classification of organisms Kingdom - most general (most inclusive) Species - most specific (most exclusive) May 62:15 PM 28 Unit 10Evolution Human - Homo sapiens House cat- Felis domesticus Lion - Felis leo Dog- Canus familiaris Gray Wolf- Canus lupus Genus species May 62:15 PM May 62:16 PM 29 Unit 10Evolution Prokaryotes most abundant and diverse habitats bacteria and cyanobacteria May 62:17 PM blue-green bacteria photosynthetic aquatic May 62:18 PM 30 Unit 10Evolution unicellular autotrophic and heterotrophic eukaryotic May 62:17 PM May 62:17 PM 31 Unit 10Evolution eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophic (parasitic/saprophytic) Some can reproduce sexually and asexually Some only asexually (sporulation) May 62:17 PM May 62:19 PM 32