Download Unit 10-Evolution - Manhasset Public Schools

Unit 10­Evolution
Textbook: Unit 5 (Evolution) pages 366­467
Barron's SAT Subject Test Prep Book: Chapter 11 (Evolution) pages 153­172 & Chapter 14 (Animal Physiology) pages
211­220
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_01
Apr 13­2:38 PM
Topic: Geologic Time Scale
Apr 13­3:02 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
* What is evolution? Briefly describe what Evolution (definition):
you have learned regarding evolution Theory that describes cumulative changes before Living Environment.
in organisms (species) over time
Evolution (definition):
Theory that describes cumulative changes in organisms (species) over time
­ How do species CHANGE?
MUTATIONS! (lead to variations)
­ What factor controls those changes?
The Environment
­ What is the major scientific evidence for evolution?
The Fossil Record
Apr 13­2:31 PM
Apr 13­2:40 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
Apr 13­2:37 PM
*Review from Earth Science:
1.) Nearly all fossils occur in which type of rock?
Sedimentary
Why?
Igneous and Metamorphic require
heat and/or pressure which would
destroy fossils
2.) How do we use rock layers and the fossil record to determine the relative ages of organisms? Law of
Superposition
Does this always work out perfectly?
No (geologic activity)
3.) Imagine you found a piece
of amber in a sedimentary rock
layer. What environment likely
was present at the time of the fossil's formation?
Forest
youngest
fossils
Oldest
Fossils
Apr 13­2:37 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
Index Fossils:
­ What is an index fossil?
used to define and identify geologic periods
­ What characteristics would make a good index fossil?
wide distribution, a lot of them, evolve quickly, easy to recognize
­What fossils in this group would make a good index fossil? Why?
A­ in all 4 columns, easily recognizable, only in 1 layer
Apr 13­2:48 PM
*How long ago did Earth form?
*When did life first appear?
*Human predecessors?
~ 4.6 BYA
~ 3.5 BYA
~ 2.5 MYA
*Anatomically modern Humans? ~ 200, 000
Apr 13­2:50 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
Topic: Origin of Life
Apr 13­3:02 PM
1. Origins of Life: Early Ideas
Spontaneous Generation:
*What's wrong with this idea?
Apr 13­3:02 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
2. Origins of Life: Modern Ideas
Miller-Urey
*Early EarthGases- water
vapor, methane,
ammonia,
hydrogen
(inorganic)
*Energy- Heat and
Lightning
Apr 13­3:06 PM
*Summary:
4. Heterotroph Hypothesis
Inorganic molecules
(w/ UV, Light, Heat)
Chemical
reactions
Organic molecules
DNA, RNA,
Glucose, etc.
Heterotroph (fermentation)
CO2
Anaerobic
respiration
*Simple, single-celled
Autotrophs
Prokaryotes
O2
Photosynthesis
or
Chemosynthesis
Aerobic
Respiration
Aerobes
Apr 13­3:12 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
*Wherever the first organic molecules originated, what critical molecules must have come next?
Apr 13­3:13 PM
5.Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
~ 3.5 BYA
Endosymbiosis
Theory
~ 1.8 BYA
*Evidence for this theory?
*Why is the origin of life so hard to pinpoint?
Apr 13­3:14 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
Apr 21­9:22 AM
Apr 21­9:22 AM
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Unit 10­Evolution
Topic: Natural Selection and
Evolution
Apr 21­9:23 AM
heterotrophic prokaryotes
autotrophic prokaryotes
simple to complex
mutations - natural selection of adaptations evolution
Apr 21­9:24 AM
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Unit 10­Evolution
Lamarck
Darwin
General Idea:
If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring. He said that change is made by what the organisms want or need.
General Idea:
He said that organisms, even of the same species, are all different and that those which happen to have variations that help them to survive in their environments survive and have more offspring. The offspring are born with their parents' helpful traits, and as they reproduce, individuals with that trait make up more of the population. Other individuals, that are not so well adapted, die off.
+
Modern Theory = Darwin
(Natural selection)
Genes
meiosis, independent assortment,
mutations + sexual reproduction
variations
natural selection
Apr 21­9:24 AM
Disproving Lamarck:
August Weismann
Apr 21­9:29 AM
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Unit 10­Evolution
1. Who is Charles Darwin?
http://www.sciencechannel.com/video­topics/earth­science/galapagos­beyond­darwin­charles­darwin.htm
(1809­1882)
Apr 21­9:29 AM
Theory of Natural Selection
*Darwin's thinking: if humans could artificially select for certain traits, why can't nature?
* Over time, the average height of sunflower population is short if the short sunflowers continue to reproduce more successfully. After many generations, the short sunflowers may become a new species if they are no longer able to breed with the original sunflowers.
Apr 21­9:30 AM
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Unit 10­Evolution
*Darwin's On the Origin of the Species:
natural selection = evolution
natural selection is a way to explain how evolution works!
YOU DO NOT DEVELOP ADAPTATIONS BECAUSE YOU NEED THEM. YOU CAN NOT PASS ON ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS!
http://www.animalplanet.com/wild­animals/animal­adaptations/
https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/amaze.html
http://www.exploringnature.org/db/detail_index.php?dbID=5&dbType=2t
Apr 21­9:37 AM
4. What produces variations?
mutations
5. Why are variations important?
allows for
Natural selection
Some variations
are more favorable
in different
environments
Apr 21­9:31 AM
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Unit 10­Evolution
https://askabiologist.asu.edu/sites/default/files/PepperMoth/pepper­moths.swf
Apr 21­9:37 AM
7. Natural Selection vs. Artificial Selection
Natural Selection- environment is
the selecting agent
Artificial Selection - Humans are
the selecting agent
Apr 21­9:48 AM
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Unit 10­Evolution
8. What is an adaptation?
A variation that allows an organism to survive its environment
trait
Apr 21­9:52 AM
9. What is an Adaptive Variation?
A variation that allows you to survive a changing environment
Apr 21­11:25 AM
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Unit 10­Evolution
What would happen to a population with variation if the environment changed?
Some of the organisms in that
population with the best suited
variations will survive the changed
environment
What would happen to a population that did not have variation if the environment changed?
Population who's adaptations were not suited for the new
environment may die off
Apr 21­11:30 AM
General Definition of Evolution:
Change in species over time
What you should know about evolution:
• Individuals DO NOT evolve, only species over a long period of time
• Individuals DO NOT become extinct, only species become extinct
• "Fitness" is determined by the ENVIRONMENT; what is fit in one environment, may not necessarily be fit in another
• Evolution is going on today..... example: antibiotics and antiviral drugs are becoming ineffective because bacteria and viruses are mutating, becoming resistant, and therefore carrying on evolution.
Apr 21­11:41 AM
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Unit 10­Evolution
Darwin's Origin of the Species­ 1859
(believed in blending and mixing of parents traits)
Mendel's Basics of Inheritance­ 1866
(unfortunately Mendel's work wasn't widely popular until the 1900's)
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/06/1/l_061_01.html
May 6­2:07 PM
A­ Divergent­ two species from a common ancestor gradually become increasingly different (usually different environments)
B­ Convergent­ species of different ancestors begin to share analogous traits because of a shared environment or other selection pressure (ex. whales and fish)
C­ Parallel­ two species evolve similarly but independently, because they do not occupy the same niche
Apr 21­11:43 AM
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Unit 10­Evolution
A­ Divergent­ B­ Convergent­ C­ Parallel­ Apr 21­11:50 AM
Gradualism- large changes are actually the end product of very
small changes that build up over time
Punctuated Equilibrium- long periods of no change, punctuated
by short periods of change
Most scientists believe species can evolve by gradualism,
punctuated equilibrium or a combination of both
Apr 21­11:32 AM
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Unit 10­Evolution
May 6­1:50 PM
Topic: Comparative Studies
May 6­1:51 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
May 6­1:53 PM
Fossil record shows similarities and differences in/between
species
May 6­1:54 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
parts of the body that are similar in structure to other species'
comparative parts
structures that have similar characteristics in organisms
that are NOT closely related (ex. shark and dolphin, human
and octopus (eye))
seemingly have no purpose or function
(theory-served a purpose in an ancestor)
May 6­1:56 PM
Embryos of very different species, look very similar in early
embryonic development
May 6­1:57 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
DNA
RNA
Proteins
Amino acid sequences in the proteins of different organisms can
be compared (More similarities = more closely related)
DNA sequences (DNA fingerprinting) can be compared (More
DNA in common = more closely related)
May 6­1:57 PM
Chimpanzee
Orangutan
May 6­1:58 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
Groups of organisms more closely related share a more recent
common ancestor; all life on Earth shares a common ancestor
When adaptation
occurred
Nodes- common ancestor
Most closely related- closer together on the phylogenetic tree
May 6­1:58 PM
group of organisms that
can reproduce fertile offspring
organisms who become so different, they can no
longer reproduce fertile offspring
group of organisms of the same species living in a
particular area
May 6­2:00 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
all species of organisms arise and develop through the
natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase
the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.
population of organisms that are
separated from exchanging genetic
material with other organisms
of the same species by geography
May 6­2:00 PM
May 6­2:01 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
May 6­2:01 PM
organisms can no longer reproduce fertile offspring
geographic isolation
reproductive isolation
speciation
May 6­2:02 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
They were around at the same time, but Mendel's
work wasn't popular until long after both had died
study of variation within populations
May 6­2:04 PM
May 6­2:12 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
May 6­2:12 PM
May 6­2:12 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
Conditions Necessary for Hardy­
Weinberg Principle
Relationship to Evolution
1 No mutations
1
mutations ­ Adaptations ­ Natural selection
2 No Natural Selection
2
NS­ mechanism for how
evolution works
3 Population must be very large
3
overproduction → produce more than can survive, so there's a better chance for survival
4 Mating must be totally random
4
Sexual selection­ mates choose based on best "fit" (strongest, mating calls, bright colors, pheromones, etc.)
No migration into/out of the 5
Migration ­ brings new genes into a population
5 population
May 6­2:13 PM
May 6­2:15 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
May 6­2:15 PM
Classification of organisms
Kingdom - most general (most inclusive)
Species - most specific (most exclusive)
May 6­2:15 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
Human - Homo sapiens
House cat- Felis domesticus
Lion - Felis leo
Dog- Canus familiaris
Gray Wolf- Canus lupus
Genus species
May 6­2:15 PM
May 6­2:16 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
Prokaryotes
most abundant and diverse habitats
bacteria and cyanobacteria
May 6­2:17 PM
blue-green bacteria
photosynthetic
aquatic
May 6­2:18 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
unicellular
autotrophic and heterotrophic
eukaryotic
May 6­2:17 PM
May 6­2:17 PM
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Unit 10­Evolution
eukaryotic
multicellular
heterotrophic
(parasitic/saprophytic)
Some can reproduce sexually and asexually
Some only asexually (sporulation)
May 6­2:17 PM
May 6­2:19 PM
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