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Learning 1. Behaviorism – Promoted by John B. Watson – View that psychology… • should be an objective science • study behavior not mental processes Yip sir (ཧᐅႧ) www.yipsir.com.hk 1 2 Learning Defined 1. Association Learning Event 1 Event 2 – relatively permanent change in an behavior due to experience 2. Associative Learning – learning that two events occur together • either two stimuli • or a response and its consequences Seal learns to expect a snack for its show-off behavior Learning to associate two events 3 4 Classical Conditioning Two Kinds of Associative Learning Two related events: Stimulus 1 1. Classical Conditioning Lightning Stimulus 2 Thunder 2. Operant Conditioning Result after repetition Stimulus We see lightning We learn to associate two stimuli Response We wince anticipating thunder 5 www.yipsir.com.hk 6 1 Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Pavlov’s device for recording salivation – 1849-1936 – Russian physician/ neurophysiologist – studied digestive secretions – invented Classical Conditioning 7 8 Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Pavlov’s Classic Experiment 1. organism reacts to stimulus with a reflex Before Conditioning – e.g., loud noise → flinch (reflex) UCS (food in mouth) 2. then, a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that evokes the reflex UCR (salivation) – e.g., lift podium → loud noise → flinch Neutral stimulus (tone) During Conditioning 3. organism associates two stimuli Neutral stimulus (tone) CR (salivation) 10 UCS (passionate kiss) UCR (nausea) NS (onion breath) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (onion breath) CR (nausea) 11 www.yipsir.com.hk CS (tone) Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning UCS (drug) CS (waiting room) UCR (salivation) 9 Nausea Conditioning among Cancer Patients CS (waiting room) After Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) – examples: lift podium and noise; lightning and thunder; tone and food, sound and stop 4. neutral stimulus eventually comes to evoke the reflex (lift podium, flinch) No salivation UCR (sexual arousal) UCS (passionate Kiss) CR (sexual arousal) UCR (sexual arousal) 12 2 Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning 1. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) – stimulus that automatically triggers a response 1. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – an originally neutral stimulus that becomes associated with an UCS and therefore triggers a conditioned response 2. Unconditioned Response (UCR) – unlearned, automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus • salivation when food is in the mouth 2. Conditioned Response (CR) – learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus 13 Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning 14 Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning 1. Acquisition – the initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened Extinction – diminishing a conditioned response – occurs when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus 15 Little Albert’s Fear Conditioning Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning UCS (loud noise) 1. Spontaneous recovery – reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response UCR (fear) NS (rat) UCS (loud noise) CS (rat) 2. Generalization – tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses UCR (fear) CR (fear) Stimulus similar to rat (such as rabbit) 17 www.yipsir.com.hk 16 Conditioned fear (generalization) 18 3 Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Discrimination – the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus Summary 19 Classical Conditioning: 20 Operant Conditioning: 1. BEFORE Conditioning: 2. NS 3. UCS Æ UCR Behavior (???) (???) Consequence (???) 4. Conditioning: 5. NS 6. UCS Æ UCR 7. AFTER Conditioning: 8. CS Æ CR 21 22 The end 23 www.yipsir.com.hk 4