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Chapter 9
LEARNING
LEARNING
• What is learning?
– A relatively
permanent change in
a behavioral
tendency that results
from experience.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
- A learning
procedure in which
associations are
made between a
natural stimulus and
a neutral stimulus.
Ivan Pavlov
The Essentials of
Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned
stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned
response (UCR)
Conditioned
stimulus (CS)
Conditioned
response (CR)
Pavlov’s Procedures
• Neutral stimulus – a stimulus that does not
initially elicit any part of the unconditioned
response.
• UCS – stimulus that automatically elicits a
response.
• UCR – an organism’s automatic reaction to a
stimulus.
• CS – a stimulus that comes to evoke a particular
response after being paired with the UCS.
• CR – learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus.
Classical Conditioning
• Acquisition – the process by which a
conditioned response is established or
strengthened.
• Extinction – the gradual disappearance of
a CR when the CS is repeatedly presented
without the UCS.
Classical Conditioning
• Spontaneous Recovery – the temporary
return of an extinguished response after a
delay.
Classical Conditioning
• Generalization –
responding similarly
to a range of similar
stimuli.
• Discrimination –
the ability to respond
differently to similar
but distinct stimuli.
Classical Conditioning
• Taste aversion – the tendency in which a
person learns, after a single experience, to
avoid a food, if eating is followed by
illness.
Let’s say you have a makeup advertisement that includes an attractive
celebrity…Conditioning is taking place!
Neutral: makeup product
UCS: attractive celebrity
UCR: pleasant feelings
CS: the product
CR: pleasant feelings
What are some
other examples of
classical
conditioning???