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Study Guide Name Date Energy, Matter, and Organization Test Period TERMS Know what each term means, what it may look like, and be able to explain what it is/how it works to someone else. Energy forms (potential; kinetic) Energy types (heat, chemical, etc) Matter (atoms, molecules) Photosynthesis Light Reactions Chlorophyll ATP NADPH Calvin Cycle Carbon Fixation Cell Respiration Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport System NADH, FADH2 Pyruvate Acetyl CoA ATP Synthase Carbohydrates Protein Amino Acids Fatty Acids Chemical Bonds Enzymes Inhibitors (Competitive vs. Non) Food/Glucose Starch Inputs/Outputs of CR and PS Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Oxygen (O2) Chloroplast Chlorophyll Absorption Graph Mitochondrial Matrix Mitochondria Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Cytoplasm Thylakoid Heterotroph Autotroph pH Acidity Basicity Neutral Buffers TIPS for Studying 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Find all assignments, lectures, and handouts listed above and revisit them. Review Enzymes Quiz – go through all questions without looking at original answers. Connect all of the above terms/concepts together. a. One way to do this would be to pick three terms and form a sentence that uses all three terms in context. b. Draw diagrams to help you remember difficult-to-remember terms. Draw an enzyme/substrate complex before, during and after the reaction. Explain factors that may affect enzyme reaction rate, photosynthetic rate, and cell respiration rate. Explain how pH is used to measure photosynthetic rate in plants. Explain what pH is and how buffered solutions work. Draw a simple plant cell, showing a chloroplast and the nucleus. Show where chlorophyll is stored and label where these stages occur: conversion of light E chemical E and Carbon Fixation. Label all types of energy in each stage. Label all the inputs and outputs of Photosynthesis. Draw a simple cell, showing some mitochondria and the nucleus. Label where these stages occur: Glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle, Electron Transport System Label the inputs and outputs of Cell Respiration. Connect any of the inputs and outputs. What do you see? What are the connections between cell respiration and photosynthesis? List several forms of energy and possible energy transformations. Complete the crossword puzzle below. The Cycle of Energy and Matter Across 2. The stage of cell respiration that takes place in the cell's cytoplasm; The products of which include ATP and 2 molecules of pyruvate. 5. A biomacromolecule made up of amino acids. 8. Anything (solid, liquid, gas) made up of atoms. 10. A by-product of cell respiration; It is formed during the Kreb's Cycle. 11. An organism that is dependent on other organisms as energy sources. 14. Fluid that fills the "empty space of eukaryotic cells; Where cell organelles are suspended. 15. A chemical reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings 16. An output of the first phase of photosynthesis; It is used to power Carbon Fixation. 17. Examples include heat, sound, light. It is anything with the ability to cause change in matter; It is contained and stored within matter. 18. A smaller compartment within the chloroplast that stores chlorophyll within its membrane. 19. A combination of reactions that use light energy and atmospheric carbon dioxide to synthesize large energy-rich molecules. 21. The incorporation of atmospheric CO2 into a carbohydrate molecule. 22. These hold atoms together in an arranged order to form molecules. 23. A six-carbon sugar that is produced in photosynthesis. Down 1. The cell organelle that is the site of Kreb's Cycle 3. Thylakoids are embedded within this plant cell structure. 4. A by-product of photosynthesis; It is formed and released during the first phase of photosynthesis. 6. The fluid that surrounds thylakoid stacks. Also the location in which carbon fixation takes place. 7. The stage of cell respiration that takes in the products of glycolysis and produces two ATP molecules. 9. A small, high-energy molecule that can be used by cells. It is the by-product of glucose breakdown. 10. A series of reactions used by all living things that allows the breakdown of food in order to obtain its stored energy. 12. The amount of energy required to raise one gram of water by one degree Celsius; 1000 of these are what is reported on food labels. 13. A pigment found in cells that appears green to our eyes. 15. A chemical reaction that releases heat into the environment 20. An organism that is dependent only on itself for providing itself with energy. Compare and Contrast Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration by completing the table below: Photosynthesis Light Reactions Carbon Fixation or Calvin Cycle Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport System In which kind of cell does this reaction take place? In which part of the cell does this reaction take place? Is oxygen required at this step? Is carbon dioxide an input at this step? What molecule(s) go(es) into this reaction? What molecule(s) come out of this reaction? What do these 2 processes have in common? Compare them by listing 2-3 similarities. How are these 2 processes different? Contrast them by listing 2-3 differences. Describe the role enzymes play in the breakdown of food molecules (and synthesis of different ones) In your response, include the following terms and underline when used: enzyme, substrate. Use the graph and data to the right to answer the following 2 questions. 1. Assuming the y-axis is labeled “product”, why has the graph reached a “plateau”? In other words, why is the reaction rate not continuing to increase as time passes? (A) There are too many enzymes (B) There are too many substrates (C) There is not enough enzyme (D) There is not enough substrate 2. Which of the following changes would most likely increase the reaction rate? (A) Raising the temperature (B) Adding an acid to the reaction (C) Lowering the temperature (D) Lowering the pH 3. Use the graphs to the right to choose the most accurate conclusion. (A) Graph A represents the enzyme, amylase, being broken down by the substrate. Graph B shows the products of amylase breakdown. (B) Graph B can represent fatty acids after the substance in graph A was exposed to pepsin. (C) Graph A can represent protein mixed with amylase and graph B shows glucose increasing as a result. (D) Graph B can represent amino acids after the substance in graph A was exposed to pancreatic protease. 4. In the grain storage explosion, energy was released from matter suddenly, however, when a cookie is consumed, no explosions occur inside our bodies. The body releases the “energy stored in grain [food] in a more controlled way”. What is meant by this? (3) 5. Use the following terms to complete the statement. ATP, energy, enzymes, macromolecules, glucose, starch Cellular respiration is the process by which ___________ convert the ____________________ stored in smaller molecules (such as __________________________) or in __________________ (such as _________________ and glycogen) into the usable form of ____________ (i.e., the molecule or “currency” that can be used by our cells). 6. Which of the following are the three stages of cell respiration, in order? (A) Glycolysis, Electron transport chain, Kreb’s Cycle (B) Electron transport chain, Kreb’s Cycle, Glycolysis (C) Kreb’s Cycle, Glycolysis, Combustion (D) Glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle, Electron transport chain 20. During what stage of photosynthesis is oxygen gas (O2) produced? (A) Calvin Cycle (B) Carbon fixation (C) Light reactions (D) Absorption of light 7. What is ATP and why is ATP important in living systems? 21. The pigment molecules responsible for photosynthesis are located in the (A) Mitochondria (B) Cytoplasm (C) Stroma of the chloroplast (D) Thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast 8. What is energy? 9. Compare and contrast potential energy and kinetic energy 10. Give an example of potential energy in a non living system 11. Give an example of potential energy in a living system 22. Dinitrophenol is a chemical compound that inhibits the normal functioning of ATP synthase. What might happen to the pH of the inner thylakoid if a chloroplast was exposed to this compound? (A) Increase because of the H+ that are unable to move out (B) Increase because of the H+ that are unable to move in (C) Decrease because of the H+ that are unable to move in (D) Decrease because of the H+ that are unable to move out 12. Give an example of kinetic energy in a non living system 23. Where does the carbon in glucose come from? 13. Give an example of kinetic energy in a living system 14. Where is energy stored in living organisms 24. What are the 2 major outputs of the light reactions that help complete the process of photosynthesis? and 15. What is matter made up of? 16. Give examples of one type of energy transforming into another type of energy 25. Which types of organisms are able to perform photosynthesis? List 2. and Write out the chemical “reaction” (process) of photosynthesis. 17. Translate the word glycolysis. Why does it have this name? 18. Photosynthesis takes place in the membranes of small sacs called what? (A) Thylakoids (B) Grana (C) Chloroplasts (D) Plant cells 19. Colors of light that are most useful in photosynthesis are: (A) Green, yellow, and orange (B) Red, violet, and blue (C) Infrared, red, and yellow (D) Red, white, blue, and ultraviolet Write out the chemical “reaction” (process) of cellular respiration. Observe the 2 reactions side by side. What is unique/interesting about these two chemical reactions.