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PMHS Name________________________________ AP PSYCH AIM: Does behaviorism explain ALL aspects of learning? Avoidance Escape Explain why the following are examples of negative reinforcement and avoidance (A) or escape (E) ______ Student wakes up and shuts off buzzing clock (beep-beep-beep) ______ Rat goes through maze after it is tapped on the butt. (tap-tap-tap) ______ Rat goes over dowel rod quickly, so he/she does not fall. ______ Student wakes up so he/she does not miss bus or ride and is late to school. In what order do behaviorists present reinforcement in operant conditioning? (antecedent stimulus) AFTER ______________, then ___________________ which can be ____________ or _____________ In what order is classical conditioning BEST? ________ then while that is ending; present ________; Also called ____________ conditioning BEHAVIORISM Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning vs. CRITICS!!!! Maybe we do not always need rewards/consequences to learn! Cognitive Conditioning Social or observational Conditioning Behaviorists only study o___________________ behaviors, so they do not believe the study of thoughts, feelings is scientific. Criticisms of behaviorism Radical behaviorists (Skinner and Watson, and their followers) believed that all behavior resulted from reinforcement. Watson went as far as saying that he can make a lawyer or a beggar or a doctor or a thief of any child just by controlling the child’s reinforcements. Skinner wrote a novel Walden II describing his vision of an ideal society based on the principles of behaviorism and a token economy. They assume that the mind is a blank slate or ______________ ____________, that everything someone becomes depends on the environment and that there is no learning without reinforcement. This was a quite extreme position, and some researchers began to challenge behaviorism. How did Edward C. Tolman provide evidence against behaviorism? Rat experiment in maze: Latent learning and cognitive maps: Cognitive maps and insects (or just simple computational abilities?): Honey Bees Gould (1986) Ants Wolf and Whittlinger (2006) 1. The initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened. _____________________________ 2. Anything in the environment that elicits a response. ______________________ 3. An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal. _____________________________ 4. In operant conditioning, this occurs when a response is no longer followed by a consequence. It occurs in classical conditioning when the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus. _____________________________ 5. Reinforcement of the desired response every time it occurs. _____________________ ______________________ 6. In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. _______________________ - __________________ ______________________ 7. The type of reinforcer that strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus. ______________________ ________________________ 8. Learning that occurs, but is not apparent, until there is an incentive to demonstrate the learning. _______________________ ______________________ 9. In classical conditioning, a stimulus that "unconditionally"—naturally and automatically – triggers a response. ____________________________ ______________________ 10.An innately (naturally) reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. __________________________ ________________________ 11.A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer. ______________________ _________________ 12.The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response. _________________ ______________________ 13.A form of conditioning in which an organism comes to "associate" a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus. Eventually, the neutral stimulus will elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus. ______________________________ _______________________________ 14.Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others. ______________________ _________________________ 15.In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals (an example would be glancing at the sky in hopes of seeing a falling star. You would only be reinforced occasionally, over a period of time REGARDLESS of how often you looked at the sky). To put it another way, reinforcement will occur only after a random amount of time has passed. _______________________ - _______________________ _____________________ 16.The psychological perspective that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies observable behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologist agree with (1) but not (2). ____________________________ 17.In classical conditioning, an original neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response. ______________________________ _________________________ 18.An aversive event that decreases the behavior it follows. ________________________ 19.The tendency, once a response has been conditioned (learned), for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses. ________________________________ 20.A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment. _____________________ _________________ 21.A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. ________________________ 22.Classical conditioning is also called this, due to the researcher who first described and studied it. ____________________________ _________________________ 23.The ability to distinguish between two similar stimuli. This is seen (in different forms) in both classical and operant conditioning. _____________________________ 24.The "effect" of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. This may eventually decrease intrinsic motivation. ____________________________________ ______________________ 25.Reinforcing a response only part of the time. This results in slower acquisition of responses, but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. ________________________ ____________________________ 26.A conditioned (learned) reinforcer. It gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer. ______________________ _____________________ 27. In classical conditioning, the "learned" response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus. _____________________________ __________________________