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PMHS
Name________________________________
AP PSYCH
AIM: Does behaviorism explain ALL aspects of learning?
Avoidance
Escape
Explain why the following are examples of negative reinforcement and avoidance (A) or escape (E)
______ Student wakes up and shuts off buzzing clock (beep-beep-beep)
______ Rat goes through maze after it is tapped on the butt. (tap-tap-tap)
______ Rat goes over dowel rod quickly, so he/she does not fall.
______ Student wakes up so he/she does not miss bus or ride and is late to school.
In what order do behaviorists present reinforcement in operant conditioning?
(antecedent stimulus) AFTER ______________, then ___________________ which can be
____________ or _____________
In what order is classical conditioning BEST?
________ then while that is ending; present ________; Also called ____________ conditioning
BEHAVIORISM
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
vs. CRITICS!!!! Maybe we do not
always need rewards/consequences to learn!
Cognitive Conditioning Social or observational
Conditioning
Behaviorists only study o___________________ behaviors, so they do not believe the
study of thoughts, feelings is scientific.
Criticisms of behaviorism
Radical behaviorists (Skinner and Watson, and their followers) believed that all behavior
resulted from reinforcement. Watson went as far as saying that he can make a lawyer or a
beggar or a doctor or a thief of any child just by controlling the child’s reinforcements.
Skinner wrote a novel Walden II describing his vision of an ideal society based on the
principles of behaviorism and a token economy. They assume that the mind is a blank
slate or ______________ ____________, that everything someone becomes depends on
the environment and that there is no learning without reinforcement. This was a quite
extreme position, and some researchers began to challenge behaviorism.
How did Edward C. Tolman provide evidence against behaviorism?
Rat experiment in maze:
Latent learning and cognitive maps:
Cognitive maps and insects (or just simple computational abilities?):
Honey Bees
Gould (1986)
Ants
Wolf and Whittlinger (2006)
1. The initial stage of learning, during which a response is established
and gradually strengthened. _____________________________
2. Anything in the environment that elicits a response.
______________________
3. An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide
behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal.
_____________________________
4. In operant conditioning, this occurs when a response is no longer
followed by a consequence. It occurs in classical conditioning when
the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned
stimulus. _____________________________
5. Reinforcement of the desired response every time it occurs.
_____________________ ______________________
6. In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a
response only after a specified number of responses.
_______________________ - __________________
______________________
7. The type of reinforcer that strengthens a response by reducing or
removing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus.
______________________ ________________________
8. Learning that occurs, but is not apparent, until there is an incentive to
demonstrate the learning. _______________________
______________________
9. In classical conditioning, a stimulus that "unconditionally"—naturally
and automatically – triggers a response.
____________________________ ______________________
10.An innately (naturally) reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies
a biological need. __________________________
________________________
11.A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to
obtain a food or water reinforcer. ______________________
_________________
12.The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response.
_________________ ______________________
13.A form of conditioning in which an organism comes to "associate" a
neutral stimulus with an unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus.
Eventually, the neutral stimulus will elicit the same response as the
unconditioned stimulus. ______________________________
_______________________________
14.Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others.
______________________ _________________________
15.In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a
response at unpredictable time intervals (an example would be
glancing at the sky in hopes of seeing a falling star. You would only
be reinforced occasionally, over a period of time REGARDLESS of
how often you looked at the sky). To put it another way,
reinforcement will occur only after a random amount of time has
passed. _______________________ - _______________________
_____________________
16.The psychological perspective that psychology (1) should be an
objective science that (2) studies observable behavior without
reference to mental processes. Most research psychologist agree with
(1) but not (2). ____________________________
17.In classical conditioning, an original neutral stimulus that, after
association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a
conditioned response. ______________________________
_________________________
18.An aversive event that decreases the behavior it follows.
________________________
19.The tendency, once a response has been conditioned (learned), for
stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses.
________________________________
20.A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by
reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment.
_____________________ _________________
21.A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to
experience. ________________________
22.Classical conditioning is also called this, due to the researcher who
first described and studied it. ____________________________
_________________________
23.The ability to distinguish between two similar stimuli. This is seen (in
different forms) in both classical and operant conditioning.
_____________________________
24.The "effect" of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to
do. This may eventually decrease intrinsic motivation.
____________________________________
______________________
25.Reinforcing a response only part of the time. This results in slower
acquisition of responses, but much greater resistance to extinction
than does continuous reinforcement. ________________________
____________________________
26.A conditioned (learned) reinforcer. It gains its reinforcing power
through its association with a primary reinforcer.
______________________ _____________________
27. In classical conditioning, the "learned" response to a previously
neutral conditioned stimulus. _____________________________
__________________________