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Magnetic effect of electric current Magnet: A magnet is an object made of certain materials which create a magnetic field. There are mainly two types of magnets-permanent magnets and electromagnets. A permanent magnet A material, or piece of such material, which retains its magnetism even when not subjected to any external magneticfields. eg: bar magnet ,horse shoe magnet etc. Electromagnet: An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off. Uses: Transformers Motors and generators Relays, including reed relays originally used in telephone exchanges Electric bells and buzzers Loudspeakers and earphones Magnetic recording and data storage equipment: tape recorders, VCRs, hard disks MRI machines Magnetic locks Magnetic separation equipment, used for separating magnetic from nonmagnetic material, for example separating ferrous metal from other material in scrap. Industrial lifting magnets Induction heating for cooking, manufacturing, and Properties of bar magnet magnets have two types of poles: north-seeking poles or north poles and south-seeking poles or south poles. The magnetic strength is the strongest at the poles of the magnet. When you freely suspend a bar magnet in a horizontal position, the magnetic field of the bar magnet will interact with the magnetic field of the Earth. This will cause the bar magnet to come to rest in a north-south direction, where the north pole of the magnet points to the north pole of the Earth. Like poles repel and unlike poles attract. Magnets attract magnetic materials such as iron, steel, cobalt and nickel. Magnetic materials can be made into magnets .e.g. Iron, steel, nickel, cobalt and many alloys based on these metals. magnetic field The region surrounding a magnet, in which a magnetic force can be experienced is known as magnetic field. Magnetic field lines: A graphical representation of the magnitude and the direction of a magnetic field. Properties of magnetic field lines 1. The field lines starts from north pole and merge at south pole. 2. Magnetic field lines are closed curves. 3. The field lines are closer ,the field will be stronger. 4. Two field lines never intersect each other. If they did, it would mean that at the point of intersection ,magnetic field has two direction, which is not possible. Magnetic effect of electric current Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a current will be produced in the conductor. This is known as magnetic effect of electric current. Hans Christian Oersted discovered this effect first. Magnetic field due to a current carrying conductor Concentric circles represent magnetic field of acurrent carrying conductor around a magnet.These circles become larger and larger as we move away from it because of decrease in field strength. Direction of magnetic field around a current carrying conductor is given by Right hand thumb rule. Right-Hand thumb rule Magnetic field due to a current carrying circular loop The magnetic field around the circular loop would become larger and larger as we move away from the wire. By the time as we reach at the centre of the circular loop, arc of these big circles would appear as straight lines. The M.F produced by a current carrying conductor at a given point depends on current passing through it. So a circular coil having n turns, the field produced is n times as large as that by a single turn. Here the field due to each turn just adds up. Solenoid A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire wrapped closely in the shape of a cylinder is known as a solenoid. M.F due to a current in a solenoid The end of the solenoid where current enters acts like a south pole and the other end where current leaves acts like a north pole. The M.F lines of a solenoid is similar to a bar magnet. The field is uniform inside the solenoid. A current carrying solenoid coil is used to magnetize steel or soft iron inside it. The magnet so formed is an electromagnet.