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Biology 30 – Structure & Function of Cells (Part 2)
Bioenergetics:
Energy:

Potential energy:
Examples:

Kinetic energy
Examples:
Energy can be transformed:


Thermodynamics:
First law of Thermodynamics:
Second law of Thermodynamics
Cellular Metabolism:
Includes:
Two types of metabolic pathways:

Anabolic pathway:

Catabolic pathway:
Biology 30 Lecture
Structure & Function of Cells (Part 2)
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Cells use & transform matter & energy:
What is respiration?
What is the main function of cellular respiration?
Glucose provides energy for the cell (p. 70, Fig 3.23)
RESPIRATION EQUATION:
Reduction
C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP)
*Key = follow the H+s.
Oxidation
Oxidation:
Reduction:
Is cellular respiration a catabolic or anabolic reaction?
Overview of Cellular Respiration (p. 70; Fig. 3.24):
Aerobic respiration:
1)
2)
3)
4)
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Glycolysis: (p. 71; Fig. 3.25)
Where does this occur in the cell?
When does this occur?
What biological molecular group is worked on during this process?
What’s the final product sugar end product?
What is the net yield of energy produced from 1 glucose molecule?
Energy investment phase: Steps 1 – 4
How many ATP's required (used)?
Results in 2 molecules of 3 phosphoglyceraldehyde (G3P)
C-C-C-C-C-C
2 ATP 
C-C-C
C-C-C
Note: Step 5 is an isomeration step between G3P & Dihydixyacetone phosphate
Energy yielding phase: Steps 6 – 10
(G3P) C-C-C
Biology 30 Lecture
Structure & Function of Cells (Part 2)
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C-C-C
Results in:
4 ATP 
2 NADH 
pyruvates
ATP produced
NADH produced
(PYR) C-C-C
C-C-C (PYR)
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) – energy rich molecule which will be shuttled to the ETC & undergo
oxidative phosphorylation to yield more (Think: Disney dollars - can only get this energy converted to ATP at the ETC)
Glycolysis Net Yield:
pyruvates:
ATP:
NADH:
Preparatory step (p. 72, Fig 3.26)
Where does this occur in the cell?
When does this occur?
What biological molecular group is worked on during this process?
What’s the final product end product?
What is the net yield of energy produced from 1 pyruvate molecule?
2 pyruvate (3C)
2 NAD+ + H+.
2 acetyl CoA (2C)
2 CO2.
2 NADH
Citric Acid Cycler (Krebs Cycle): (p. 96 - 97; Fig. 6.9 A & B)
Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate (OAA)
citrate
(2 C)
(4 C)
(6 C)
2 acetyl CoA
citrate synthase
+





2 OAA
Where
cell?
Where does
does this
this occur
occur in
in the
the cell?
When
When does
does this
this occur?
occur?
What
biological
What biological molecular
molecular group
group is
is worked
worked 2 FADH2.
on
during
this
process?
on during this process?
What’s
What’s the
the final
final product
product sugar
sugar end
end product?
product?
What
is
the
net
yield
of
energy
produced
What is the net yield of energy produced
2 FAD+
from
molecule?
from 1
1 glucose
acetyl CoA
molecule?
2 Citrate
2 Turns Illustrated
6
NAD+
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 ADP + 2 Pi
Why does it require 2 turns of the Citric Acid Cycle to completely oxidize 1 glucose molecule?
(Hint: Think back to glycolysis)
Products produced Cycle Net Yield:
Biology 30 Lecture
ATP
Structure & Function of Cells (Part 2)
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NADH
FADH2.
CO2.
Electron Transport Chain & Oxidative Phosphorylation: (p 74, Fig 3.28)
Location:
Proteins complexes & ATP synthase
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Is ATP produced directly?
Each NADH =
ATP
Each FADH2 =
ATP
Final electron acceptor?
Where does the O2 come from?
How does the O2 get to the cells?
Where does the water (metabolic water) come from?
Energy yield from aerobic respiration:
Glycolysis:
Primer RXN:
Krebs Cycle:
(p. 75, Fig. 3.29A)
# of ATPs
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 NADH
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2.
Total ATPs
NOTE: Eukaryotes = 36 – 38 ATPs
Do the numbers agree? Why or why not?
What happens when cyanide & carbon monoxide accumulate in our bodies?
Two fates of pyruvate depend on O2:
Biology 30 Lecture
Structure & Function of Cells (Part 2)
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1) If O2 is present:
2) If O2 is not present:
Anaerobic Respiration: (p. 3.31, Fig 3.31)
a) Lactic Acid Fermentation
2 pyruvates  2 Lactic acid (lactate)
Occurs when:
Location:
Results in:
Lactic acid build-up results in:
1)
2)
Cori cycle:
1) In skeletal muscles:
2) In the liver: Two fates lactic acid:
a)
b)
b) Alcohol Fermentation
Occurs when:
Location:
Results in:
2 pyruvates  2 ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
What organisms undergo this type of metabolism?
What is the connection between breathing and cellular respiration?
Additional energy sources?
Biosynthesis?
Biology 30 Lecture
Structure & Function of Cells (Part 2)
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