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Transcript
Endocrine System The body’s slower, chemical communication system Major Glands of the Endocrine System • • • • • • • Pituitary Gland Pineal Gland Hypothalamus Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Thymus Adrenal Gland – Adrenal Cortex – Adrenal Medulla • Pancreas (Pancreatic Islets) • Testes • Ovaries What does the Endocrine System Do? • Uses chemical signals for cell to cell communication – this is why it is slower than the nervous system • Coordinates the function of cells – e.g. cells in the uterus need to know when cells in the ovaries are active • Responds to information from the brain to keep body chemistry balanced- homeostasis Glands of the Endocrine System and their location Hypothalamus • Location: lies deep within the center of the brain • The master control gland !!! • Primary Hormones: No one specific hormone; called the “gate-keeper” regulating the release and inhibition of hormones • Functions: “gate-keeper” role; regulates pituitary • Major Disorders: Pituitary Gland • Location: Next to the hypothalamus • Primary Hormones: 9 primary hormones including GH, TSH, FSH, LH, • and Oxytocin • Functions: Reacts to signals send • from Hypothalamus, affects growth, • puberty and stimulates other glands. • “the master gland”; • Major Disorders: dwarfism, gigantism, Diabetes encephalis Pineal Gland • Location: Between the pons and sides of the thalamus; size of a pea • Primary Hormones: Melatonin • Functions: Regulates sleep patterns; mating patterns; migration patterns; day and night rhythms • Major Disorders: Insomnia Thyroid Gland • Location: Anterior region of neck, surrounding trachea • Primary Hormones: Thyroxine (T-4) and Triiodothyronine (T-3) • Functions: Regulate iodine; calcium, TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) • Major Disorders: Goiter; Thyroid Cancer Parathyroid Gland • Location: 4 glands around the thyroid • Primary Hormones: PTH (parathyroid hormone) • Functions: Affects the bones and kidneys; maintain calcium levels in the blood • Major Disorders: Osteoporosis; Hyper- and Hypo- parathyroidism Thymus • Location: Thoracic cavity below the neck; • Primary Hormones: Thymosis; • Functions: produces immune cells, White Blood Cells that protect you from infection Major Disorders: Cancers (lymphomas) Adrenal Gland • Location: Atop the kidneys; outer layer surrounding the adrenal medulla • Primary Hormones: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (a.k.a. Adrenaline) • Functions: Increase blood pressure, heart rate, dilation of pupils (adrenaline rush , metabolism, levels of estrogen and testosterone • Major Disorders: Addison’s • disease and Cushing’s disease Pancreas • Location: Around the stomach and small intestine • Primary Hormones: Insulin and Glucagon (secreted by the pancreatic islets or the Islets of Langerhans) • Functions: Digestion of enzymes; regulate blood-glucose levels; insulin uptake • Major Disorders: Diabetes mellitus types I and II Testes • Location: Within the scrotum • Primary Hormones: Testosterone; • Functions: Produce sperm and testosterone; primary and secondary sex characteristics • Major Disorders: Testicular cancer; Germ-cell tumors Ovaries • Location: In the abdomen at the end of the fallopian tubes • Primary Hormones: Estrogen, • Functions: Produce female gametes; Major Disorders: Ovarian Cancer; How are the brain and hormones connected? Negative feedback loop (like a thermostat) Brain Glands Body HOMEOSTASIS –balanced internal environment