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Transcript
Endocrine System Chapter Sixteen Medical Terminology HIT # 141 Anatomy • Pituitary gland = size of a pea, base of the brain, divided into two lobes. • Anterior lobe, adenohypophysis = produces and secretes the following hormones: – – – – Growth = regulates growth of body. Adrenocorticotropic = stimulates the adrenal cortex. Thyroid stimulating = stimulates the thyroid gland. Gonadotropic = affects the male and female reproductive systems. – Follicle stimulating (luteinizing) = regulates development, growth and functions of the ovaries and testes. 1 Anatomy • Posterior lobe of pituitary gland = releases the following hormones. – Antidiuretic hormone = stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water. – Oxytocin = stimulates uterine contractions during labor and postpartum. • Thyroid = largest endocrine gland, bilateral lobes, secretes the hormone thyroxine which requires iodine, and is necessary of body cell metabolism. Anatomy • Parathyroid = 4 small bodies directly behind the thyroid, helps to maintain the level of calcium in the blood. • Islets of Langerhans = cellular clusters, throughout the pancreas secrete insulin necessary to control carbohydrate metabolism. • Adrenal glands = located above the kidney, cortex = outer medulla = inner. – Cortisol = cortex, aids in stress, and metabolism. – Aldosterone = cortex, regulates electrolytes. – Epinephrine = medulla, aids in stress 2 • • • • • • • • • • • Combining Forms Adren/o adrenal = adrenal glands. Cortic/o = cortex. Endocrin/o = endocrine. Parathyroid/o = parathyroid glands. Thyroid/o thyr/o = thyroid glands. Acr/o = extremities, height. Calc/i = calcium. Dips/o = thirst. Kal/i = potassium. Nart/o = sodium. Toxic/o = poison. Prefixes & Suffix • Ex- exo- = outside, outward. • -drome = run, running. 3 Disease and Disorder Terms • Acromegaly = enlargement of the extremities, from excessive amounts of growth hormone. • Adrenalitis = inflammation of the adrenal gland. • Hypercalcemia = excessive calcium in the blood. • Hyperglycemia = excessive sugar in the blood. • Hyperkalemia = excessive potassium in blood. • Hyperthyroidism = excessive thyroid activity. • Hypoglycemia = deficient sugar in the blood. • Hyponatremia = deficient sodium in the blood. • Hypothyroidism = deficient thyroid activity. Disease and Disorder Terms • Acidosis = accumulation of acid products of metabolism, seen in uncontrolled DM. • Addison’s disease = syndrome for a deficiency in secretion of the adrenal cortex. • Cretinism = congenital absence or atrophy of the thyroid gland. • Diabetes insipidus = decreased activity of antidiuretic hormone, excessive thirst & large amounts of urine production. • Diabetes Mellitus = disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, under activity of Islets of Langerhans, results in insufficient insulin. 4 Surgical Terms • • • • • Adrenalectomy = excision of the adrenal gland. Parathyroidectomy = excision of the parathyroid. Thyroidectomy = excision of the thyroid gland. Thyroidotomy = incision of the thyroid gland. Thyroparathyroidectomy = excision of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. • Thyroid scan = nuclear medicine test that shows the size, shape and position of the thyroid gland. • Fasting Blood Sugar = determine the amount of glucose in the blood, elevation indicates diabetes mellitus. Complementary Terms • • • • Adrenopathy = disease of the adrenal gland. Calcipenia = deficiency of calcium. Cortical = pertaining to the cortex. Endocrinologist = physician who specializes in endocrinology. • Endocrinology = study of the endocrine glands. • Endocrinopathy = any disease of the endocrine system. • Exophthalmic = pertaining to the eyes bulging outward. 5 Complementary Terms • Polydipsia = abnormal state of much thirst. • Syndrome = set of symptoms that run together. • Hormone = secretion of an endocrine gland, carried in blood plasma. • Isthmus = narrow strip of tissue connection tow large parts in the body, two lobes of the thyroid gland. • Metabolism = sum total of all the chemical processes that take place in a living organism. ABBREVIATIONS • • • • • • • • • • ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone. ADH = antidiuretic hormone. Ca = calcium. DI = diabetes insipidus. DM = Diabetes mellitus. FBS = fasting blood sugar. GH = growth hormone. GTT = glucose tolerance test. K = potassium. Na = sodium. 6 ABBREVIATIONS • RAIU = radioactive iodine uptake. • T4 = thyroxine. • TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone. End of Chapter # 16 Jump right in, and learn those terms! 7