Download Endocrine System Anatomy

Endocrine System
Chapter Sixteen
Medical Terminology
HIT # 141
Anatomy
• Pituitary gland = size of a pea, base of the brain,
divided into two lobes.
• Anterior lobe, adenohypophysis = produces and
secretes the following hormones:
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Growth = regulates growth of body.
Adrenocorticotropic = stimulates the adrenal cortex.
Thyroid stimulating = stimulates the thyroid gland.
Gonadotropic = affects the male and female
reproductive systems.
– Follicle stimulating (luteinizing) = regulates
development, growth and functions of the ovaries and
testes.
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Anatomy
• Posterior lobe of pituitary gland = releases the
following hormones.
– Antidiuretic hormone = stimulates the kidney to
reabsorb water.
– Oxytocin = stimulates uterine contractions during
labor and postpartum.
• Thyroid = largest endocrine gland, bilateral
lobes, secretes the hormone thyroxine which
requires iodine, and is necessary of body cell
metabolism.
Anatomy
• Parathyroid = 4 small bodies directly behind
the thyroid, helps to maintain the level of
calcium in the blood.
• Islets of Langerhans = cellular clusters,
throughout the pancreas secrete insulin
necessary to control carbohydrate metabolism.
• Adrenal glands = located above the kidney,
cortex = outer medulla = inner.
– Cortisol = cortex, aids in stress, and metabolism.
– Aldosterone = cortex, regulates electrolytes.
– Epinephrine = medulla, aids in stress
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Combining Forms
Adren/o adrenal = adrenal glands.
Cortic/o = cortex.
Endocrin/o = endocrine.
Parathyroid/o = parathyroid glands.
Thyroid/o thyr/o = thyroid glands.
Acr/o = extremities, height.
Calc/i = calcium.
Dips/o = thirst.
Kal/i = potassium.
Nart/o = sodium.
Toxic/o = poison.
Prefixes & Suffix
• Ex- exo- = outside, outward.
• -drome = run, running.
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Disease and Disorder Terms
• Acromegaly = enlargement of the extremities,
from excessive amounts of growth hormone.
• Adrenalitis = inflammation of the adrenal gland.
• Hypercalcemia = excessive calcium in the blood.
• Hyperglycemia = excessive sugar in the blood.
• Hyperkalemia = excessive potassium in blood.
• Hyperthyroidism = excessive thyroid activity.
• Hypoglycemia = deficient sugar in the blood.
• Hyponatremia = deficient sodium in the blood.
• Hypothyroidism = deficient thyroid activity.
Disease and Disorder Terms
• Acidosis = accumulation of acid products of
metabolism, seen in uncontrolled DM.
• Addison’s disease = syndrome for a deficiency in
secretion of the adrenal cortex.
• Cretinism = congenital absence or atrophy of the
thyroid gland.
• Diabetes insipidus = decreased activity of
antidiuretic hormone, excessive thirst & large
amounts of urine production.
• Diabetes Mellitus = disorder of carbohydrate
metabolism, under activity of Islets of
Langerhans, results in insufficient insulin.
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Surgical Terms
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Adrenalectomy = excision of the adrenal gland.
Parathyroidectomy = excision of the parathyroid.
Thyroidectomy = excision of the thyroid gland.
Thyroidotomy = incision of the thyroid gland.
Thyroparathyroidectomy = excision of the
thyroid and parathyroid glands.
• Thyroid scan = nuclear medicine test that shows
the size, shape and position of the thyroid gland.
• Fasting Blood Sugar = determine the amount of
glucose in the blood, elevation indicates diabetes
mellitus.
Complementary Terms
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Adrenopathy = disease of the adrenal gland.
Calcipenia = deficiency of calcium.
Cortical = pertaining to the cortex.
Endocrinologist = physician who specializes in
endocrinology.
• Endocrinology = study of the endocrine glands.
• Endocrinopathy = any disease of the endocrine
system.
• Exophthalmic = pertaining to the eyes bulging
outward.
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Complementary Terms
• Polydipsia = abnormal state of much thirst.
• Syndrome = set of symptoms that run together.
• Hormone = secretion of an endocrine gland,
carried in blood plasma.
• Isthmus = narrow strip of tissue connection tow
large parts in the body, two lobes of the thyroid
gland.
• Metabolism = sum total of all the chemical
processes that take place in a living organism.
ABBREVIATIONS
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ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone.
ADH = antidiuretic hormone.
Ca = calcium.
DI = diabetes insipidus.
DM = Diabetes mellitus.
FBS = fasting blood sugar.
GH = growth hormone.
GTT = glucose tolerance test.
K = potassium.
Na = sodium.
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ABBREVIATIONS
• RAIU = radioactive iodine uptake.
• T4 = thyroxine.
• TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone.
End of Chapter # 16
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