Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Proprioception wikipedia , lookup
Exercise physiology wikipedia , lookup
Muscle contraction wikipedia , lookup
Neuromuscular junction wikipedia , lookup
Human vestigiality wikipedia , lookup
End-plate potential wikipedia , lookup
Stimulus (physiology) wikipedia , lookup
Insect physiology wikipedia , lookup
Autonomic Nervous System 02/05/2017 1 Aims of session • To review the basic structure and function of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 02/05/2017 [email protected] 2 Objectives Learners should be able to: 1. Describe the basic structure and general functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system 2. Describe the fight’/’flight’ responses and cooperative effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic sysyem on different organs. 02/05/2017 [email protected] 3 Nervous System Divisions Anatomical division of Nervous system Central Nervous System (Brain, Spinal Cord) Encased in the Cranium and vertebral column 02/05/2017 Peripheral Nervous System (Nerve connections between the CNS and body organs/tissues ) allows nerve connections between the CNS and the organs and tissues of the body i.e. the nerve trunks, plexus and nerve fibres 4 Nervous System - Physiology Physiological division of the nervous system Somatic Voluntary and Conscious Mechanisms E.G Skeletal muscle and joint movement 02/05/2017 Autonomic Involuntary Control Mechanisms Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Regulating: Cardiorespiratory , Gastrointestinal, Genitourinary Reproductive , Integumentary Neurological , Endocrine systems 5 Ganglia- e.g.. Part of the nervous system that carries out its functioning automatically i.e. without conscious control. With such organs and tissue are able to function in either a 02/05/2017 decreased or increased manner in order to maintain homeostasis 6 02/05/2017 [email protected] 7 Ganglion A mass of nerve cell bodies RECAP Dorsal root ganglia – sensory nerves connect CNS with PNS Autonomic Ganglia Autonomic ganglia -clusters of neurones and a junction between autonomic nerves originating from the CNS and autonomic neurones serving peripheral target organs. CNS to ganglia = Preganglionic Ganglia to effector organ = Postganglionic Many sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglions run from the top to the bottom of the spine. 02/05/2017 : [email protected] 8 02/05/2017 [email protected] 9 Physiological Similarities and Differences Parasympathetic Myelinated / Distribution Neurotransmitter Function nerve type Unmyelinated Preganglionic Myelinated CNS to Ganglion Acetylcholine Postganglionic Unmyelinated. Throughout body acetylcholine. Sympathetic Myelinated / Distribution nerve type Preganglionic Unmyelinated Myelinated Postganglionic Unmyelinated. (normally) returns body to normal state after a fight/flight Neurotransmitter Function (normally) CNS to Ganglion Throughout body Acetylcholine Fight’ or ‘Flight’ response Noradrenaline. Postganglionic fibres i.e. between the Ganglion and target tissue ganglion) Preganglionic fibres i.e. between the CNS and the ganglion anglionic fibres i.e. between the Ganglion and target tissue ganglion) 02/05/2017 10 02/05/2017 [email protected] 11 What What would would bebe happening happening to to thean Gut wall arteriole with with parasympathetic sympathetic nerve 02/05/2017stimulation? [email protected] 12 Sympathetic Inhibitory and Excitatory Functions 2 types of receptors to Sympathetic nerve excitation - Alpha and Beta Adrenaline excites both alpha and beta receptors equally Noradrenaline excites mainly alpha receptors. There are also subtypes of each – more of this later on 02/05/2017 13 Autonomic Nervous System Effects Structure Sympathetic Stimulation Parasympathetic Stimulation Iris (eye muscle) Pupil Dilation Pupil Constriction Salivary Glands Saliva production reduced Saliva production increased Oral/Nasal Mucosa Mucus production reduced Mucus production increased Heart Heart rate and force increased Heart rate and force decreased Lung Bronchial muscle relaxed Bronchial muscle contracted Stomach Peristalsis reduced Gastric juice secreted; motility increased Small Intestine Motility reduced Digestion increased Large Intestine Motility reduced Secretions and motility increased Liver Increased conversion of glycogen to glucose Reduction in conversion of glycogen to glucose Kidney Decreased urine secretion Increased urine secretion Adrenal medulla Noradrenaline and adreanaline secreted 02/05/2017 Secretion of Adrenaline and noradrenalin [email protected] Wall relaxed Wall contracted 14 Major Organ Responses to Autonomic Impulses Organ Heart Arteries Sympathetic Stimulation Parasympathetic Stimulation Increased heart rate beta1 (& beta2) Decreased heart rate Increased force of contraction beta1 (& beta2) Decreased force of contraction Increased conduction velocity Decreased conduction velocity Constriction (alpha1) Dilation Dilation Dilation (beta2) Veins Constriction (alpha1) Dilation (beta2) Bronchial muscle contraction Lungs Bronchial muscle relaxation (beta2) Increased bronchial gland secretions Decreased motility (beta2) Increased motility Gastro Intestinal Contraction of sphincters [email protected] (alpha) Relaxation of sphincters tract02/05/2017 15 Major Organ Responses to Autonomic Impulses Organ Sympathetic Stimulation Parasympathetic Stimulation Glycogenolysis (beta2 & alpha) Liver Gluconeogenesis (beta2 & alpha) Glycogen synthesis Lipolysis (beta2 & alpha) Kidney Bladder Uterus Eye Renin secretion (beta2) Detrusor relaxation (beta2) Detrusor contraction Contraction of sphincter (alpha) Relaxation of sphincter Contraction of pregnant uterus (alpha) Relaxation of pregnant and nonpregnant uterus (beta2) Dilates pupil (alpha) Constricts pupil Increased lacrimal gland secretions Submandibular Viscous salivary secretions (alpha) & parotid glands Skin Pilomotor muscles contract 02/05/2017 [email protected] Sweat glands secrete slightly Watery salivary secretions 16