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Advanced Cardiac Care in the Streets Understanding EKGs Ray Taylor Valencia Community College The Anatomy of the Heart { Structure } Notice All rights reserved. Slide show used with permission only for the purposes of educating emergency medical providers (EMTs and Paramedics) No portion of this presentation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or by any means (including but not limited to electronic, mechanical, photocopying etc.) without prior written permission from the author Anatomy of the Heart Objectives: Describe the chambers of the heart Atria Ventricles Identify the location, shape, and size of the heart Name the layers of the heart Name the valves of the heart Anatomy of the Heart Objectives [ continued ] Describe the structure and function of the blood vessels Arteries Veins Capillaries Describe the coronary circulation Discuss the concept of pulmonary circulation Discuss the concept of systemic circulation Anatomy of the Heart The Heart is muscle Myocardium - heart muscle “Two-sided pump” Atrium [ atria ] Small upper chambers Separated by interatrial septum Receiving chambers Fill ventricles Ventricles Lower chambers Separated by interventricular septum Location, Size, and Shape of the Heart Located in Mediastinum Lying in front of spinal column, behind sternum, and between lungs 2/3 lies to left of midline sternum Apex lies just above diaphragm Base lies at level of the second-third rib Size of owner’s closed fist PMI Cardiovascular Anatomy Tissue Layers Endocardium Myocardium Pericardium Visceral Pericardium Parietal Pericardium Layers of the Heart Pericardium closed, twolayered sac Parietal Pericardium tough, nonelastic, fibrous connective tissue Visceral Pericardium - thin, serous inner layer of pericardium Pericardial Fluid The Heart Wall Epicardium - smooth outer surface contiguous with visceral pericardium Myocardium - thick, middle layer of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle cells, responsible for ability to contract Endocardium innermost layer, composed of connective tissue Valves of the Heart Four valves allow blood to flow in one direction Two Sets Atrioventricular Valves Semilunar Valves Cardiovascular Anatomy Valves Atrioventricular Valves Tricuspid Valve Mitral Valve Semilunar Valves Aortic Valve Pulmonic Valve Chordae Tendonae Atrioventricular Valves Located between atria and the ventricles Allow flow from atria into ventricles Prevent flow backward from ventricles Tricuspid Valve - three cusps - located between right atrium / right ventricle Mitral / Bicuspid Valve has two cusps - located between left atrium / left ventricle Semilunar Valves Prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles. Each valve contains three semilunar, or moonshaped, cusps. Pulmonic Valve- located between right ventricle and pulmonary artery Aortic Valve - located between left ventricle and trunk of aorta Heart Valves Function Chamber pressure governs opening and closing of heart valves Ventricular Systole [ contraction of ventricles ] atrioventricular valves are closed and semilunar valves are open Ventricular Diastole [ relaxation of ventricles ] atrioventricular valves are open and semilunar valves are closed Cardiovascular Anatomy Anatomy of the Peripheral Circulation Blood vessels are the “container” for fluid or blood General Structure Poiseuille’s Law Arterial System Arteries, arterioles, and capillaries Venous System Veins, venules, and capillaries ARTERIES Thick wall and muscular Function under high pressure Carry blood AWAY FROM heart Regulate blood pressure by changes in peripheral vascular resistance Arteries - larger vessels Arterioles - small vessels Arterial Wall Layers Arterial Wall Layers Name Layer Tissue Type Tunica intima Innermost Connective and elastic Tunica media Middle Smooth muscle, elastic, and collagen Tunica adventitia Outermost Connective VEINS Vessels that carry blood back to the heart Venules - smaller vessels Operate under low pressure CAPILLARIES Tiny blood vessels whose walls are thinnest of all Vast majority of gas exchange occurs Circulation movement through a course [ body ] that leads back to initial point [ heart ] Cardiovascular Anatomy Coronary circulation Right coronary artery Left coronary artery Left anterior descending Circumflex Collateral Circulation Pulmonary Circulation Blood flow between the heart and lungs blood leaves heart through right ventricle, travels into PULMONARY artery to lungs, and back through PULMONARY veins to left atrium Systemic Circulation Blood flow between the heart and body blood leaves the left ventricle and travels through the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the BODY SYSTEM and back to the right atrium Thank you!