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Essentials of Human Reproduction Exam IA February 23, 2015 Name: _____________________________ Student Number: _____________________ 1. What would be the percentage of offspring expressing the recessive form of a trait if two heterozygotes were crossed and that trait was inherited by incomplete dominance? A. B. C. D. E. 2. Of the following, which is a function of the kinetochore? A. B. C. D. E. 3. Collective activity of multiple brain regions Complex connections between neurons Transduction of electrical activity into chemical signaling Prior activity affecting future function of neurons Increased cell division in brain regions that are involved in integrated brain function If a genetic trait with two alleles, one dominant and one recessive is controlled by complete dominance, how many phenotypes could result? A. B. C. D. E. 5. Attachment point for chromatids Region of the spindle that attaches to the centromere Attachment point for spindles Attachment point for components of the cytoskeleton Region of DNA that codes for ribosome synthesis Which of the following neuronal properties allows you form and recall memories? A. B. C. D. E. 4. 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% 1 2 3 Either A or C None of the above Of the following types of inheritance, which generate the most genotypes? A. B. C. D. E. Sex-linked inheritance Polygenetic inheritance Incomplete dominance Dominant-recessive inheritance All of the above can be affected 6. Of the following, which term describes the physical position of a gene on a chromosome? A. B. C. D. E. 7. The digestion of foreign materials is primarily associated with the following organelle? A. B. C. D. E. 8. Cytokinesis Telophase G1 Phase G2 Phase S Phase Blood type is an example of which of the following patterns of inheritance? A. B. C. D. E. 11. Polygenetic inheritance Sex-linked inheritance Incomplete dominance Dominant-recessive inheritance B&C During which of the following phases of the cell cycle are the organelles duplicated? A. B. C. D. E. 10. Rough ER Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Mitochondria Ribosomes For which of the following forms of inheritance are recessive genes NOT masked by a corresponding gene on Y chromosome? A. B. C. D. E. 9. Genotype Phenotype Karyotype Locus Genome Polygenetic inheritance Sex-linked inheritance Incomplete dominance Dominant-recessive inheritance Polyallelic inheritance During which phase of mitosis are two alleles attached by their centromeres? A. B. C. D. E. Metaphase Prophase Anaphase A&B A, B & C Use the following list to answer Question 12. 1 2 3 4 12. Prophase of mitosis Metaphase of mitosis Anaphase of mitosis Telophase of mitosis Prophase 1 of meiosis Anaphase 1 of meiosis Metaphase 2 of meiosis Telophase 2 of meiosis In which of the phases of cell division listed above is the DNA referred to as “sister chromatids”? A. B. C. D. E. 13. 5 6 7 8 1&2 1&7 1, 2 & 6 1, 2, 6 & 7 1, 5 & 6 In regards to meiosis, which of the following is NOT TRUE? A. B. C. D. E. Crossing over occurs during Prophase II During Anaphase II, sister chromatids separate During Meiosis I, two haploid daughter cells are generated Paternal and maternal chromosomes separate during Meiosis I Meiosis produces four genetically unique daughter cells Use the following list to answer Question 14. 1 2 3 4 14. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi Apparatus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Secretory vesicle Nucleus Ribosome Of the following cellular components, where is mRNA synthesized? A. B. C. D. E. 15. 5 6 All but 1 2, 3, 5 & 6 2, 3 & 6 5 only 3&5 During which of the following cell cycle events is chromatin duplicated? A. B. C. D. E. S Phase G1 Phase G2 Phase Mitosis A&D 16. Of the following characteristics, which makes a secretion an endocrine secretion? A. B. C. D. E. 17. In regards to the hypothalamus and the pituitary, which of the following is NOT TRUE? A. B. C. D. E. 18. ACTH Prolactin Oxytocin FSH B&C When can genes be expressed? A. B. C. D. E. 21. ACTH GH TSH PRL B&D Which of the following hormones is released from the posterior pituitary? A. B. C. D. E. 20. ADH is made in the hypothalamus Neurons of the hypothalamus directly control the function of the anterior pituitary The anterior pituitary synthesizes four tropic hormones Releasing factors synthesized in the hypothalamus indirectly control the release of the anterior pituitary hormones The portal vein connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary All of the following hormones control the release of other hormones EXCEPT: A. B. C. D. E. 19. It is produced by a gland It activates a receptor It is delivered to a membrane surface by a duct It is secreted into extra-cellular space All but C During prophase of mitosis During prophase I of meiosis During prophase II of meiosis During S phase of interphase During G2 phase of interphase The release of GnRH is controlled by which of the following types of stimuli? A. B. C. D. E. Hormonal Humoral Neural A&C B&C 22. Of the following, which term describes the character state coded for by a particular gene? A. B. C. D. E. 23. During which phase of meiosis do sister chromatids line up in the center of the dividing cell? A. B. C. D. E. 24. D. E. ACTH PRL FSH ADH GH The cell populations that synthesize chemicals carried by the circulatory system to another cell population are referred to as which of the following? A. B. C. D. E. 27. It is connected to the posterior pituitary via the portal blood system. It directly controls the anterior pituitary. It produces releasing hormones that are transported to the anterior pituitary via neural connections. Posterior pituitary hormones are made in the hypothalamus. None of the above is true. Of the following, which is NOT controlled by a hypothalamic hormone? A. B. C. D. E. 26. Prophase I Metaphase I Prophase II Metaphase II B&D In regards to the interaction of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, which of the following is TRUE? A. B. C. 25. Genotype Locus Allele Phenotype Genome Exocrine glands Apocrine glands Endocrine glands Holocrine glands None of the above Of the following sources of genetic variation, which requires two gametes? A. B. C. D. E. Independent assortment Segregation of chromosomes Crossing over Random fertilization B&D 28. Of the following, which term describes a gene with both dominant and recessive alleles? A. B. C. D. E. 29. Cells completing mitosis enters which of the following stages of interphase? A. B. C. D. E. 30. 4:0 2:2:0 1:2:1 3:1 1:3 In which of the following types of inheritance is it NOT possible for a trait to be passed from father to son? A. B. C. D. E. 33. Polygenetic inheritance Sex-linked inheritance Incomplete dominance Dominant-recessive inheritance All of the above What is the phenotypic ratio observed from the mating of a homozygous dominant and a heterozygote assuming incomplete dominance? A. B. C. D. E. 32. S Phase G1 Phase G2 Phase Cytokinesis Meiosis In which of the following types of inheritance is the phenotype of heterozygous form different from the homozygous recessive form? A. B. C. D. E. 31. Genotype Heterozygous Homozygous dominant Homozygous recessive C&D Polygenetic inheritance Sex-linked inheritance Incomplete dominance Dominant-recessive inheritance C&D Transcription occurs in which of the following parts of the cell? A. B. C. D. E. Rough ER Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondria Ribosomes 34. During which phase of meiosis does synapsis occur? A. B. C. D. E. 35. During which phase of meiosis does the dividing cell have only one copy of either the maternal or paternal chromosomes? A. B. C. D. E. 36. S-phase, prophase, metaphase, telophase, anaphase Metaphase, anaphase, telophase, prophase, s-phase S-phase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, s-phase Telophase, metaphase, anaphase, prophase, s-phase Which of the following properties of the plasma membrane allows cells to be affected by hormones? A. B. C. D. E. 39. DNA is translated into mRNA Transcription occurs in the nucleus Proteins are produced by ribosomes Proteins are packaged in the golgi apparatus A&C Which of the following sequences are arranged from earliest to latest? A. B. C. D. E. 38. Anaphase II Prophase I Prophase II Telophase I C&D In regards to cell biology, which of the following is NOT TRUE? A. B. C. D. E. 37. Metaphase I Prophase I Prophase II Anaphase I Telophase II Hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid bilayer Hydrophilic regions of the phospholipid bilayer Peripheral proteins Integral proteins Transmembrane proteins Proteins found within secretory vesicles have all of the following properties EXCEPT: A. B. C. D. E. Transcription has occurred Translation has occurred The protein has moved through the smooth ER The protein has moved through the golgi apparatus C&D 40. Of the following, which is the primary function of the centrosome? A. B. C. D. E. 41. Attachment point for chromatids Attachment point for components of the cytoskeleton Attachment point for spindles Region of the spindle that shortens during cell division Region of DNA that codes for ribosome synthesis Of the following, which is the primary function of the portal vein? A. B. Structure that carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland Structure that carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary C. D. E. Structure that attaches the anterior and posterior pituitary glands Structure that attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland Structure that attaches the adrenal medulla to the adrenal cortex gland 42. Traits that require the combined effects of multiple alleles found on separate genes is referred to which of the following patterns of inheritance? A. B. C. D. E. 43. All of the following are characteristics of synapsis EXCEPT: A. B. C. D. E. 44. Synapsis can occur between sister chromatids Synapsis can only occur during either meiosis I or II Synapsis involves all four of the tetrad chromosomes A&C A, B & C Which of the following neuronal properties allows neurons to generate “information”? A. B. C. D. E. 45. Polygenetic inheritance Sex-linked inheritance Incomplete dominance Dominant-recessive inheritance Polyallelic inheritance Multiple electrical states of neurons Complex connections between neurons Transduction of electrical activity into chemical signaling Prior activity affecting future function of neurons Increased cell division in brain regions that store information When comparing the characteristics of protein-based and lipid-based hormones, which of the following is NOT TRUE? A. B. C. D. E. Protein-based hormones have longer half lives Lipid-based hormones have slower onsets Only lipid-based hormones require chaperones Only lipid-based hormones can pass through the plasma membrane B&D 46. All of the following factors may contribute to the observed effects of a particular hormone EXCEPT: A. B. C. D. E. 47. Oxytocin receptors, when present, are located in which of the following parts of the body? A. B. C. D. E. 48. ACTH CRH Cortisol Epinephrine Aldosterone Which of the following is/are an adrenal cortical hormone(s) that increases the production of glucose? A. B. C. D. E. 50. Hypothalamus Posterior pituitary Mammary glands Myometrium C&D Which of the following hypothalamic releasing hormones is associated with the response of the body to stress? A. B. C. D. E. 49. Hormonal concentration Number of hormone receptors Location of the receptors The specific cellular change that occurs when the receptor finds the hormone Whether the hormone is made from protein or lipids ADH Aldosterone Cortisol Epinephrine B, C & D All of the following are characteristics of prolactin EXCEPT: A. B. C. D. E. Prolactin is not present in non-pregnant females Prolactin causes milk to be made by the mammary glands Prolactin causes the let-down reflex Prolactin is made by cells in the anterior pituitary gland A&C