Download Chapter 10 - biologicalpsych.com

FLASH CARDS
www.BiologicalPsych.com
Kalat’s Book
Chapter 10
Alphabetical
AgRP
AgRP
Agouti-related peptide; synthesized in
hypothalamus. Acts as an appetite
stimulator. Also decreases metabolism.
aldosterone
aldosterone
Steroid hormone produced in adrenal gland.
Causes sodium cravings, conserves sodium,
and increases blood volume.
allostasis
allostasis
Dynamic adjustment to changing conditions.
Changes are made to behavior or to
physiology (hormones, neural networks, etc.).
angiotensin II
angiotensin II
Converted from the peptide hormone
angiotensin. Increases blood pressure by
stimulating vasoconstriction in smooth
muscles. Increases sodium retention by
triggering hypovolemic thirst (low volume).
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
For humans, when your body needs water,
the posterior pituitary gland releases
vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone
(ADH), which enables the kidneys to reabsorb
water and secrete highly concentrated urine.
arcuate nucleus
arcuate nucleus
Cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus.
Separate circuits for hunger and satiety.
Input from taste and stomach (ghrelin).
Neuroendocrine neurons produce growth
hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).
basal metabolism
basal metabolism
The amount of energy expended while at
rest (only vital organs functioning). Major
activity is maintaining body temperature.
bulimia nervosa
bulimia nervosa
Eating disorder; binge-purge. Overeating
followed by weight control methods
(compulsive exercise, laxatives, diuretics,
vomiting). More women than men. Results in
lower levels of CCK, increased ghrelin.
CCK
CCK
Cholecystokinin, a peptide hormone that
inhibits appetite, stimulates digestion of
proteins and fats. Secreted by duodenum,
triggers pancreas and gallbladder.
cytokines
cytokines
Signaling molecules, cross BBB,
intercellular communication between
immune system & brain.
duodenum
duodenum
First section of small intestine, short (~12
inches long) connection from stomach to
intestines. Uses enzymes to break down
food. Releases OEA hormone
(oleoylethanolamide) to report satiety.
ghrelin
ghrelin
Neurotransmitter released by stomach,
reports food deprivation to hypothalamus.
Decreases after meals.
glucagon
glucagon
Liver stores glycogen. Glucagon signals liver
to convert glycogen to glucose.
homeostasis
homeostasis
Internal regulation of biological processes.
Keeping within normal range, including
temperature, iron, energy and sugar.
homeothermic
homeothermic
Maintaining a steady internal body
temperature in spite of external changes.
Use sweating, licking and panting to cool;
shivering, fluffing, moving to heat. Heat
radiation is a function of surface area.
hypovolemic thirst
hypovolemic thirst
Low blood volume thirst. Signaled by
reduced blood flow to kidneys or heart
receptors that signal loss of blood to
hypothalamus. Need both water and
electrolytes. In contrast to osmotic thirst.
insulin
insulin
Although brain cells don’t need the help,
other cells use insulin to facilitate getting
glucose from the blood into the cell.
lactase
lactase
An enzyme to break down lactose into
glucose & galactose. Essential to digest milk.
Presence of enzyme can decline with age or
non-usage.
lactose
lactose
Disaccharide sugar found in milk. Higher in
human milk than cow or goat milk. Needs the
enzyme lactase to break it down into
digestible components.
lateral hypothalamus
lateral hypothalamus
The side of the hypothalamus is involved in
regulating hunger and thirst.
lateral preoptic area
lateral preoptic area
Controls drinking; damage causes low
water intake.
leptin
leptin
Hormone made in fat cells, impacts
hypothalamus. Regulates body’s fat
reserves; low fat cell reserves, leptin
increases.
negative feedback
negative feedback
A change causes a change in the opposite
direction. Sensing a difference from set
point, decreases output.
positive feedback
positive feedback
One changes leads to more changes in the
same direction; adjusting flight toward target.
neuropeptide Y
neuropeptide Y
NPY; neuropeptide-neurotransmitter. Causes
fat tissue to grow (stores energy), increases
food intake, decreases anxiety, pain and
blood pressure.
osmotic pressure
osmotic pressure
Pressure needed to stop osmosis. Water
tends to flow from low to high concentrations
until free energy is balanced or until pressure
on solute side stops movement.
OVLT
OVLT
Organum Vasculosum Laminae
Terminalis or supraoptic crest. Part of AV3V
region. Regulation of electrolytes and fluids.
paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
Next to 3rd ventricle, in hypothalamus (inside
BBB). Controls CRH (corticotropin-releasing
hormone), vasopressin and TRH
(thyrotropin-releasing hormone).
poikilothermic
poikilothermic
Animals that internal temperatures vary with their
outside temp. Often variation can be great, so
have multiple enzyme systems for different
levels. Can’t perform sustained high-energy
activities (hunting, thinking). Includes fish, lizards
& insects.
preoptic area/anterior
hypothalamus
preoptic area/anterior
hypothalamus
POA/AH. Two areas but operate together.
Monitor body temperature. Compare internal
to external temp.
set point
set point
Target level for a physiological variable, such
as body weight, internal temp and mood.
sham-feeding
sham-feeding
Experimental method of Pavlov, used to
study digestion. Food is supplied thru a tube
connected to the stomach, bypassing smell,
texture and taste cues. Satiety is slower;
animals on sham-feeding tend to overeat.
sodium-specific hunger
sodium-specific hunger
Aldosterone make neurons in the taste
system react to salt as if it were sugar.
Usually caused by excessive bleeding or
extreme sweating. Triggers kidneys & sweat
glands to conserve sodium.
splanchnic nerves
splanchnic nerves
Part of the sympathetic nervous system.
Send and receives signals from viscera,
including the stomach. The stomach can
sense and signal levels of glucose,
carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
subfornical organ (SFO)
subfornical organ (SFO)
Appetite mediator. Regulates fluids, tracks
glucose usage, monitors energy and sodium
levels. Outside BBB, in third ventricle.
supraoptic nucleus
supraoptic nucleus
Part of hypothalamus. Controls release of
vasopressin (water retention hormone) and
regulates drinking.
vagus nerve
vagus nerve
Cranial nerve with multiple functions. Motor
neurons slow heart rate. Sensory neurons
report stomach extension (stretch) which
provides satiety cues.
vasopressin
vasopressin
Also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH). It
restricts blood vessels (increase blood
pressure) and promote water retention
(absorption rate of kidneys).
ventromedial hypothalamus
ventromedial hypothalamus
VMH. Involved in satiety, heat regulation and
perhaps obesity.
www.BiologicalPsych.com