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Biology Core Concept Cheat Sheet
03: Macromolecules
Key Terms
! Macromolecule: A molecule having a molecular weight in the
range of a few thousands to many millions.
! Functional group: The specific atom or group of atoms that
confers a particular chemical property on a biomolecule.
! Organic Compounds: Molecules containing covalently bonded
carbon backbones are called organic compounds.
! Hydrolysis: Cleavage of a bond, such as an anhydride or
peptide bond, by the addition of the elements of water, yielding
two or more products.
! Monosaccharide: A carbohydrate consisting of a single sugar
unit.
! Disaccharide: A carbohydrate consisiting of two covalently
joined monosaccharide units.
! Polysaccharide: A linear or branched polymer of
monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.
! Protein: A macromolecule composed of one or more
polypeptide chains, each with a characteristic sequence of
amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
! Amino acids: Alpha amino-substituted carboxylic acids, the
building blocks of proteins.
! Primary structure: A description of the covalent backbone of a
poymer, including the sequence of monomeric subunits and any
interchain and intrachain covalent bonds.
! Secondary structure: The residue by-residue conformation of
the backbone of a polymer.
! Tertiary structure: The three-dimensional conformationof a
polymer in its native folded state.
! Quaternary structure: The three dimensional structure of a
multisubunit protein; particularly the manner in which the
subunits fit together.
! Fatty acid: A long chain aliphatic carboxylic acid found in
natural fats and oils.
! Fat: An ester of fatty acids with glycerol as the alcohol.
! Lipid: A small water- insoluble biomolecule generally containing
fatty acids, sterols or isoprenoid compounds.
! Sterols: A class of lipids containing the steroid nucleus.
! Nucleoside: A compound consisiting of a purine or pyrimidine
base covalently linked to a pentose.
! Nucleotide: A nucleoside phosphorylated at one of its pentose
hydroxyl grups.
! Nucleic acids: Biologically, occurring polynucleotides in which
the nucleotide residues are linked in a specific sequence by
phosphodiester bonds. DNA and RNA.
Concept map of Macromolecules
Organic Compounds
Hydroxyl
Contains
carbon
Monomers
Combine via
Dehydration synthesis
Macromolecules
Combine with
Organic
compounds
Carbonyl
Functional
Groups
Carboxyl
Amino
Contains CHO
Contains CHON
Contains CHO
Contains CHONP
Sometimes S
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Fats
Steroids
RNA
Enzymes
DNA
Phospholipids
Carbohydrate Table
Characteristics
Monosaccharid
es
1
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
2
Many
Purpose
Energy for cell
Food sugars
Storage and
Structure
Where they are
found
Most cells
Foods
Muscles, liver,
plants
Examples
Glucose
Fructose
Sucrose
Maltose
Starch,
Glycogen
Cellulose
Number of
Sugars
Protein Structure
DIVERSITY:
Proteins have four layers of structure.
A few monomers can combine to create a lot of combinations.
1
Primary – Number and sequence of amino acids
Example: Arg-Ser-Leu-Leu-Cys
2
Secondary – Coiling and folding from H bonds
Example:
Potential
molecules
ABCD BACD CABD
DABC
ABDC BADC CADB
DACB
Monomers
A,B,C,D
3
ACBD BCDA CBAD
DBAC
4
Tertiary: 3 dimensional shapes from increased folding
Example:
Quaternary: Peptide chains combine to make a functional protein
Exampe:
How to Use This Cheat Sheet: These are the keys related this topic. Try to read through it carefully twice then recite it out on a blank sheet of paper.
Review it again before the exams.